1
Q
What are genetics
A
Inherited DNA strands that produce instructions for general and specific physical features
2
Q
What is the MAOA gene
A
The gene responsible for the activity of the enzyme monamine oxidise in the brain
The low activity variant is associated with aggression
3
Q
What are monozygotic twins(MZ)
A
Identical twins
4
Q
What are dizygotic twins (DZ)
A
Non-identical twins
5
Q
What are adoption studies
A
Comparing a child’s similarity to their biological parents and their adopted parents or siblings
6
Q
What are twin studies
A
Research comparing MZ (identical) and DZ (non-identical twins) where it is assumed they share the same environment
7
Q
What are neurotransmitters
A
Brain chemicals released from synaptic vesicles that relay signals across synapse from one neuron to another
8
Q
What is serotonin
A
A neurotransmitter that generally has an inhibitory effect
Low levels are associated with aggression
9
Q
What is testosterone
A
A hormone from the androgen group that is produced mainly in the male testes and is associated with aggression
10
Q
What is aggression
A
Is a behaviour intended to harm including physical and psychological harm
11
Q
What are the types of aggression
A
Proactive(instrumental) aggression
Reactive (hostile) aggression
12
Q
What is proactive aggression know as
A
Instrumental aggression
13
Q
What is reactive aggression known as
A
Hostile aggression
14
Q
What’s is proactive(instrumental) aggression
A
Cold-blooded is an intents to harm but done as a means to achieve a goal
15
Q
What is reactive(hostile) aggression
A
Hot-blooded stems from a feeling of anger, done with the intention to cause pain or injury
16
Q
What is the process of selective breeding
A
It involves choosing animals with desired characteristics (aggression) and allowing them to breed only with each other and reproducing over generations
17
Q
What’s an example of selectively bread animals
A
Species of various animals have been selectively bred to produce high levels of aggression (pitballs)
18
Q
What did hood and cains do
A
Bred mice with significantly higher levels of aggression
19
Q
What did hoods and cains find
A
However they also showed that aggression was reduced where reared with a sibling then isolation
20
Q
What did hood and chains do and show
A
Bred mice with significantly higher levels of aggression
However they also showed that aggression was reduced when reared with a sibling then isolation
21
Q
What does the MAOA gene do
A
This gene controls production of MAOA that is an enzyme involved in processing neurotransmitters such as serotonin
22
Q
What is the MAOA-L gene known as and do
A
Low activity variant of the gene MAOA-L also known as the (warrior gene) results in low levels of MAOA has been linked with aggression
23
Q
What does the MAOA gene result in
A
Low levels of MAOA has been linked with aggression
24
Q
What is the MAOA gene known as
A
Low activity variant of the MAOA gene and warrior gene
25
What did brunner et al do
Studied an extended family in the Netherlands where several male family members showed aggression including violent crime
26
What did brunner et al find
Identified that individuals who were aggressive had the MAOA-L variant (and not i those who weren’t)
27
What was Christiansen procedure
3586 of twins born 1881-1910 in Denmark
926 individuals were registered by the police for criminal activity
Identical(MZ) and non-identical (DZ) twins were compared for the rate at which both of the twins were criminal
28
What was Christiansen findings
Male monozygotic(MZ) twins showed 35% concordance for criminality compared to 12% concordance found between dizygotic(DZ)
Female monozygotic(MZ) twins showed 21% concordance compared to 8% for dizygotic(DZ) twins
29
What was Christiansen findings for males
Male monozygotic(MZ) twins showed 35% concordance for criminality compared 12% concordance found between dizygotic(DZ)
30
What was Christiansen findings for females
Female monozygotic(MZ) twins showed 21% concordance compared to 8% for Dizygotic(DZ) twins
31
What was Christensen conclusion
Twins of criminals are more likely to also be criminals if they share all of their genes(MZ) rather then only some of their genes(DZ) so there’s a genetic component to aggressive behaviour
But also genetics can’t be the only factor as concordance rate for monozygotic(MZ) (where share all of there gesticulation material) wasn’t 100%.
However as with all twin studies, environment might account for different concordance rates because they look the same MZ twins may be treated more alike and have more shared experiences
32
What is the limbic system
Network of structures in the brain including hypothalamus,hippocampus and amygdala
The more responsive the amygdala is to the environment threats the more aggressive a person is
More likely for reactive aggression
33
What are the network structures involved in the limbic system
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
34
What is true about the amygdala in terms of aggression
The more responsive the amygdala is to the environment threats the more aggressive a person is
35
What type of aggression is the limbic system most responsible for
Reactive aggression
36
What was gospic et al procedure
Lab method ‘ultimatum game’
‘Proposer’ offer to split money in a certain way with a ‘responder’
Participants play the role of responder while brains are scanned by FMRI
37
What did gospic et al find/results
Found that when responders rejected unfair offers scans revealed heightened response by the amygdala
Also when participants took a drug (benezodopine) that lowers amygdala activity it reduced the number of rejections
38
What was found is gospic et al original study
Found when responders rejected unfair offers scans revealed heightened response by the amygdala
39
What did gospicet et al found in his addition study
Also when participants took a drug (benezodopine) that lowers amygdala activity it reduced the numbers of rejections
40
What evaluations are there for gospic et al study
Findings are correlational (before they used the drug)
Lack ecological validity - artificial situation of aggression
41
What are the neural mechanisms involved in aggression
Serotonin has an inhibitory brain effect on aggression
Low levels of serotonin in the orbital frontal cortex (OFC) removes the inhibitory effect and so individuals are less able to control their impulsive and aggressive responses
42
What is true about serotonin in relation to aggression
Serotonin has an inhibitory brain effect on aggression
43
What does low levels of serotonin in the OFC cause
Low levels of serotonin in the orbital frontal cortex (OFC) removes this inhibitory effect and so individuals are less able to control their impulsive and aggrieved responses
44
What did virkkunen et al find
Found lower levels of serotonin in violent impulsive offenders
45
What did valzelia and bernasoni do an find
Bred mice with low serotonin turnover
Found that they were more aggressive than those with normal turnover
46
What did valezellia and bernasconi do
Bred mice with low serotonin turnover
47
What did valzelli and bernasconi find
found that they were more aggressive than those with normal turnover
48
What did mpakapeuleue find
Found aggresive behaviour had decrease between 33-100% following amyalaectomy (disconnecting amygdala from the rest of the brain)
49
What is the equal environment assumption
It is where we assume that DZ and MZ twins share a similar environment
50
What is the link between aggression and testosterone
High levels of testosterone ( a hormone responsible for masculine features) has been associated with aggression in men
51
What is testosterone
A hormone responsible for masculine features
52
What is progesterone
A female ovarian hormone
53
What is the link between aggression and progesterone
Low levels of progesterone (a female overian hormone) has been associated with aggression in women
54
What did Dolan et al find
Found a positive correlation between testosterone levels and aggressive behaviours in a sample of 60 male prisoners with histories of violent behaviour
55
What did Wagner et al find
Found a reduced aggression levels in mice following castration
56
What did wager et al find in addition
Furthermore there able to return aggression with testosterone injections
57
What did Wagner et al find overall
Found reduced aggression levels in mice following castration
Furthermore there able to return aggression with testosterone injections
58
What was van goozen et al procedure
Repeated measure design 50 transgender people transitioning to gender that they identified as using hormone therapy completed a questionnaire to assess proness of aggression
They completed the questionnaire before and after receiving
Those transitioning from female to male were given testosterone (an Androgen) and those transitioning from male to female were given anti-androgens (treatment lasted 3 moths)
59
What was van goozen et al results
People transitioning from female to male reported an increase in aggression proneness whereas those transitioning from male to female reported a decrease
60
What was goozen et al conclusion
Levels of testosterone determine likehood of displaying aggresive behaviours
61
What was goozen et al evaluation
By controlling levels of testosterone experimentally, the direction of cause and effect between testosterone and aggression can be established
However self-reports measures of aggression were used which are subjective and so may not be valid
The participants may have been conforming to steryotypes fo their new gender roles expressing an increase or decrease in aggression
62
What is an innate releasing mechanisms (IRM)
A biological structure or process (e.g) which is activated by an external stimulus that in turn triggers a fixed action pattern
62
What is a fixed action pattern
A sequence of stereotyped pre-programmed behaviours triggered by an innate releasing mechanism
63
What is an ethnological explanation
An explanation that seeks to understand the innate behaviour of animals (including humans) by studying them in their natural environment
64
What is the MAOA gene
The gene responsible for the activity of the enzyme monamine oxidase in the brain
The low activity variant is associated with aggression
65
What is an evolutionary explanation
An account of the changes in species over millions of years characteristics that enchanted the survival and reproduction are naturally selected
66
What is sexual jealousy
Drives aggressive strategies retain partners and prevent them from ‘straying’
67
What is cuckoldry
The threat of having to raise offspring that are not their own
68
What are the adaptive functions of aggression
Ethnological explanations suggest the main function of aggression is adaptive (helps distribution a species)
Therefore aggression is beneficial to survival
It helps establish dominance hierarchies - bring about benefits such as power of access to resources
69
What does the ethnological explanation of aggression suggest
The main functions of aggression is adaptive (it helps distribute a species)
Therefore aggression is beneficial to survival
70
What does adaptive function of aggression for
Therefore aggression is beneficial to survival
71
What does adaptive function of aggression helps establish
Dominance hierarchies
72
What does establish dominance hierarchies bring
Brings about benefits such as power of access to resources
73
What is ritualistic aggression
When aggression is used to assert power and maintain status
74
What did Lorenz say about ritualistic aggression
Lorenz said socail animals (those who live in groups) inflict relatively little harm on members f their own species due to ritualised aggression
75
What’s an example of ritualistic aggression
In a confrontation of a wolf will expose its neck vital area
76
What is a innate releasing mechanism
Aggression is an innate tendency that’s triggered by environmental stimuli
An environmental stimulus triggers and innate releasing mechanism (‘an innate pathway’)
77
What does an innate releasing mechanism lead to
It sets off a fixed action pattern (a specific sequence of behaviours)
78
What is a fixed action pattern
A specific sequence of behaviours
A fixed action pattern (FAP) is an instinctive behaviour which is universal (found in all members of the species unaffected by learning and is ballistic (once started can it be altered)
79
What is true about a fix action pattern
It is universal (found in all members of a species)
Unaffected by learning
Ballistic (once started cannot be altered)
80
What does a fix pattern being universal mean
Found in all members of the species
81
What does a fix action pattern being ballistic mean
Once started cannot be altered
82
What was Tinbergen procedure
Observed Fixed action patterns in red bellied sticklebacks
The make develops a red spot on their underbelly during mating season
Presented sticklebacks with a series of wooden models of different shapes
83
What were Tinbergen results
If the model has a red spot the sticklebacks would aggressively attack it
If there was no spot there was no aggression even if the model looked like a stickleback
84
What was Tinbergen conclusion
Supports the suggestion that aggression is instinctive set off by a specific trigger
85
What is direct guarding
Involves male vigilance over a partners behaviour (checking who they’ve been seeing coming home early keeping tabs on their where abouts tracking apps on mobile
Checking on them
86
What is negative inducements
Such as issuing threatens of dire consequences for infidelity (ill kill my self if you leave)
Threats
87
For the evolutionary explanation of aggression what is the adaptive function
They gain status or dominance in a group
Gain resources from others
In defence (against losing resources)
To deter infidelity
88
What does aggression being adaptive in defending
Against losing resources
89
What is sexual jealousy
One source of aggression in our evolutionary past is male sexual jealousy caused by the females suspected sexual infidelity
This would lead to behaviours that would reduce and eliminate the threat (e.g) aggression
Jealousy has evolved to meet the problem of cuckoldry
Males have evolved mate retention strategies to defer infidelity
90
Why has sexual jealousy been an evolved behaviour
One source of aggression in our evolutionary past is male sexual jealousy caused by the females suspected sexual infidelity
Jealousy has evolved to meet the problem of cuckoldry
91
What does suspected female sexual infidelity cause
This would lead to behaviours that would reduce and eliminate the threat (e.g) aggression
92
What has the potential threat of cuckoldry created
Males have evolved mate retention strategies to defer infidelity
93
What did Wilson and Daly identify
Mate retention strategies
94
What are the mate retention strategies
Direct guarding (checking on them)
Negative inducements (threats)
95
Why has bullying be evolved as a behaviour
Our ancestors may have used bullying as an adaptive strategy to increase chances of survival/reproduction
Men use bullying to ward off potential rivals
Women use bullying to control a partner and secure their fidelity which means continue to provide resources
96
What did our ancestors use bullying for
Our ancestors may have used bullying as an adaptive strategruy to increase chances of survival/reproduction
97
What do men use bullying as
Men use bullying to ward off potential rivals
98
What do women use bullying for
Women use bullying to control a partner and secure their fidelity which means they continue to provide resources
99
What was buss et als method
This was a cross cultural questionnaire study
Participants were presented with the hypothetical scenario that someone they were in a serious committed romantic relationship with had become interested in someone else
They were asked what would distress them more imagining their partner forming a deep emotional attachment to that the other person, or enjoying passionate sexual intercourse with the person
100
What would buss et als results
Across all studies more men than women reported sexual infidelity to be more upsetting
On average 51% of the men versus 22% of women chose this to be more distressing than emotional infidelity
101
What was buss et als conclusion
Men’s jealousy is innately triggered by threat of uncertainty over the paternity of children produced within the relationship
However women are more threatened by emotional involvement as it could mean being left for another woman and so reducing the resources available to her children
102
What are the evaluation points for buss et al
The fact that the evidence was consistent across different cultures suggests that these different responses are innate rather than learned
However the fact that the questionnaires were based around a hypothetical situation and the responses available to the participants were multiple choice means that the validity of the results is questionable they may not accurate reflect what participants would actually do if they found themselves in that situation
103
What was Daly and Wilsons method
Analysed crime data of male on female murder and assaults
104
What did daly and Wilson find
Found differing degrees of aggression related to like hood of partners infidelity
Wife murder higher in estranged couples than cohabiting couples
Murder and assaults by husbands greatest in the youngest wives and decreased with age
Murder and assaults by husbands much higher in non-marital relationships
105
What did Wilson and Daly find with estranged couples
Wife murder higher in estranged couples than cohabiting couples
106
What did Daly and Wilson find with husband and age (young wives)
Murder and assaults by husbands greatest in the youngest wives and decreased with age
107
What did Daly and Wilson find with non-martial relationships
Murder and assaults by husbands much higher in non-marital relationships
108
What is the social learning theory
Includes both direct and indirect reinforcement combining ;earning theroy and cognitve factors
109
What is vicarious reinforcement
Reinforcement that is not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced
110
What is deindividuation
A pscyhologcial state where somebody loses their personal identity and takes on the identity of a group
111
What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis
Argues anger is a result of our goals being prevented
112
What is the weapons effect
The presence of a weapon may act as a cognitive tigger and lead to aggression
113
What concepts of the social learning theory (SLT) are importnat in relation to aggression
Aggression is learned through the observation and imitation of aggressive behaviour
Bandaura called this process modelling
Modelling can be seen at any age but children are particularly vulnerable to influence
114
How is aggression acquired in terms of SLT
Aggression is learned through observation and imitation of aggressive behaviour
115
When is modelling more likely to happen
Model is similar to them (identification)
Model is in a position of power a (role model)
116
Why is someone more likely to model a behaviour if someone is similar to them
Because of identification
117
Why is someone more likely to model a behaviour if someone in a position of power does it
As they act as a role model
118
How is vicarious reinforcement related to aggression
Children also observe the models consequences of their behaviour
If the models behaviour is rewarded then child learns that aggression can be effective (vicarious reinforcement) and makes it more likely the child will imitate the model
119
How is vicarious punishment related to agression
Children also observe the models consequences
If the models behaviour is punished then it is less likely to be imitated (vicarious punishment)
120
What are the meditational process
Attention
Motivation
Retention
Reproduction
121
What is attention
The learner must pay attention to the behaviour being modelled
122
What’s is motivation
They must have a reason to imitate the behaviour being modelled
123
What is retention
The learner must remember the behaviour that has been modelled
124
What is reproduction
The learner must be perfectly capable of performing the behaviour
125
What was Bandaura et al procedure
Divided 66 nursery school children into 3 groups
3 groups watched a film where an adult kicked and punched a bobo doll, accompanying this with aggressive comments
Film ended after watching the model behaving aggressively towards the doll (condition 1)
Another group of children there was an additional scene showing the consequences of the models aggressive actions (condition 2 and 3)
Condition 1: aggressive model was neither rewarded nor punished
Condition 2: aggressive model was rewarded by a second adult
Condition 3: aggressive model was punished by a second adult
126
What were the 3 conditions in Bandaura et al study
Condition 1: aggressive model was neither rewarded nor punished
Condition 2: aggressive model was rewarded by a second adult
Condition 3: aggressive model was punished by a second adult
127
What happened in condition 1 of Bandaura et al study
Aggressive model was neither rewarded nor punished
128
What happened in condition 2 of Bandaura ET al study
Aggressive model was rewarded by a second adult
129
What happened in condition 3 of Bandaura et als study
Aggressive model was punished by a second adult
130
What were Bandaura et al results
In condition 1 and condition 2 there was marked for the children to show spontaneous imitative aggressive acts
Children in condition 2 behaved most aggressively
Children in condition 3 behaved least aggressively
131
Which condition was the most aggressive in Bandaura ET al study
Children in condition 2 behaved most aggressively
132
Which condition was the least aggressive in Bandaura et al study
Children in condition 3 behaved least aggressively
133
What did Bandaura et al find in addition
SLT predicts that the consequences of behaviour have a controlling motivating effect on its performance
Therefore although the aggressive acts were not spontaneously demonstrated in the punished condition they would nevertheless have been acquired (learned)
Researcher offered incentives for each repetition of the models aggrieved behaviour
This lead to high levels of imitative behaviours as the children in condition 2 but initially they had not displayed them because they were not motivated
134
What is Deindividuation
A psychological state in which the individual loses their personal identity and takes on the identity of the group
Deindividuation is a concept used by le Bon to explain the behaviour of individuals in crowds
We lose our sense of identity and responsibility for our behaviour and have a greater disregard for social norms
135
Who used the concept of Deindividuation and what for
Used by le Bon to explain the behaviour of individuals in a crowds
136
What does deindividuation lead to
We lose our sense of identity and responsibility for our behaviour and have a greater disregard for social norms
137
What did Zimbardo distinguish between
Individuated and de-individuated behaviour
138
What is individuated
In an individual state our behaviour is generally rational and normative
139
What is de-individuated
We lose self awareness and ignore social norms
More likely to happen when we are anonymous
140
When is Deindividuation more likely to happen
More likely to happen when we are anonymous
141
What is the role of self-awareness
Prentice-Dunn and rogers suggest that aggression is not due to anonymity directly but ti the consequences of anonymity
142
Who said that the consequences of anonymity are the reason people are aggressive
Dunn and Rogers
143
What is private self awareness
How we pay attention to our thoughts and feelings
144
What is public self awareness
How much we care about what others think of our behaviour
145
When are private and public self awareness reduced
Are reduced when in crowds
146
What did Dodd do
Developed a technique to demonstrate the relationship between Deindividuation and aggression
147
What was Dodd procedure
He asked 229 undergraduate psychology students: ‘if you could do anything humanly possible with complete assurance that you would not be detected of geld responsible what would you do?
Three independent raters rated the students responses into those that were antisocial or not
148
What were Dodds results
The results found that 36% of the responses were antisocial and 26% were criminal (types of responses referring to acts such as as ‘robbing a bank’)
149
What was the conclusion of Dodds study
This research demonstrates the connection between Deindividuation as a result of anonymity and subsequent aggression
150
What did zimbardo find
Gaurds had become anonymous members of their group, their individuality had ben lost to the roles they were in thus they became de-individuated and aggressive (wearing backed out glasses)
151
Who proposed the frustration aggression hypothesis
Dollard et al
152
What is the frustration aggression hypothesis
Aggression is caused by frustration, the greater the frustration the greater the aggressive response
Aggression occurs when a goal directed behaviour is blocked
Aggression is cathartic - i.e we feel better for ‘getting it off our chest’
153
What does the frustration aggression hypothesis state causes aggression
Aggression is caused by frustration, the greater the frustration the greater the aggressive response
154
When does aggression occur in frustration aggression hypothesis
Aggression occurs when a goal directed behaviour is blocked
155
What does aggression being cathartic mean
We feel better for getting it off our chest
156
What is true about aggression (frustration aggression)
Aggression is not always expressed directly against the source of the frustration because the case may be
abstract or unavailable
157
Why might aggression not always be expressed directly against the source of the frustration
Because it may be
Abstract (e.g economic) too powerful and we risk punishment
Unavailable so aggression may be displayed onto an alternative e.g inanimate object
158
What are the role of cues
Berkowitz argued frustration alone isn’t enough to cause aggression it creates a readiness for aggression
Environmental cues are also needed
159
What did Berkowitz argue
Frustration alone isn’t enough to cause aggression - it just creates a readiness for aggression
160
What was Geens procedure
University students (men) completed jigsaws puzzle
Levels of frustration were experimentally manipulated in 1 of 3 ways
Condition 1: puzzle was impossible to solve
Condition 2: for others they ran out of time because another student in the room (a confederate of the researcher) kept interfering
Condition 3: the confederate insulting the participants as they failed to solve the puzzle
All participants later had an opportunity to give the confederate an electric shock
161
What were Geens results
The insulted participants gave the strongest shocks on average followed by the interference group, then the impossible task participants
All the groups selected more intense shocks then a (non-frustrated) control group
162
What were the conditions in Geens study
Condition 1: puzzle was impossible to solve
Condition 2: for others they ran out of time because another student in the room (a confederate of the researcher) kept interfering
Condition 3: the confederate insulting the participants as they failed to solve the puzzle
163
What did condition 1 in Geens study experience
Puzzle was impossible to solve
164
What did condition 2 experienced in Geens study
For others they ran out of time because another student in the room (a confederate of the researcher) kept interfering
165
What did condition 3 experience in Geens study
The confederate insulting the participants as they failed to solve the puzzle
166
What was Berkowitz and Lepage procedure
Told it was a ‘study of physiological reaction to stress during problem solving tasks
Participants were given real electric shocks by a confederate, creating anger and frustration
The participants later had the opportunity to give fake shocks to the confederates
167
What were the results of Berkowitz and Lepage
Found that the participants gave more and longer shocks when two guns were present than a badminton racket and shuttlecock
The number of shocks was greater when there were two guns on a table compared to or her conditions where there were no guns (average 6.07 versus 4.67)
168
What is institutional aggression
Aggression or violent behaviour that takes place within the social context of a prison or other formal organised settings
169
What is a dispositional explanation
Any explanation of behaviour that highlights the importance of the individuals personality (i.e their disposition)
170
What is a situational explanation
Any explanation of behaviour that highlights the importance of the environment
Which may include other people
171
What is media
Communication channels, such as TV, films and books, through which news entertainment education and data are made available
172
What are computer games
A game generally played on screen using a keyboard mouse or other controller
Often conducted using an online service
173
What is desensitisation
Repeated exposure to violence reduces normal levels of physiological arousal associated with anxiety making aggressive behaviour more likely
174
What is disinhibition
Normal social constraints against certain behaviours can be weakened by environmental triggers
These behaviours then appear temporarily socially acceptable and therefore more likely
175
What is cognitive priming
Violent images provide us with ready-made scripts about aggression which are stored in memory and triggered when we perceive aggressive cues in a situation
176
What is deprivation model (situational)
Inmates are deprived of psychological factors such as freedom and sexual activity and physical factors such as goods and services
Skye’s:
Deprives the particular deprivations of inmates as ‘pains of imprisonment’
The conditions in the prison (e.g over crowding) cause stress/frustration which leads to aggression
177
What type of explanation is the deprivation model
Situational
178
What is true about the inmates in the deprivation model
Inmates are deprived of psychological factors such as freedom and sexual activity and physical factors such as goods and services
179
What did Sykes say
Described the particular deprivations of inmates as ‘pains of imprisonment’
180
What do the conditions in the prison cause (deprivation model)
The condition in the prison (e.g over crowding) cause stress/frustration which leads to aggression
181
What did megargee do
Studied inmates in American young offenders institutions
182
What did megargee find
Found that crowding levels significantly correlated with levels of aggression
183
What do the institution aggression theory’s not have (deprivation model)
Cause and effect
184
What is the importation model (dispositional)
Inmates import characteristics from their life outside that cause aggression
Irwin and cressey:
Suggested that it is the social norms that inmates bring them they bring in the Norman’s of criminal gangs where aggression maybe a respected trait
185
What is true about inmates in the importation model
Inmates import characteristics from their life outside that cause aggression
186
What did Irwin and cressey suggest
Suggested that it is the social norms that inmates bring with them they bring in the norms of criminal Gangs where aggression maybe a respected trait
187
What did dillisi et al do
Studied inmates in America young offenders institutions
188
What did dillisi et al find
That those who brought in negative dispositional features (such as violent history) were more aggressive (compared to a control group)
189
What does the importation model have
Some cause and effect
190
What is a conjugal visit
That is visits from partners specifically to have sex
191
What is excessive TV watching associated with
Excessive TV watching is associated reduced social interaction and educational achievement
192
What is the thought about excessive TV and aggression
So linked between excessive viewing and aggression may be indirect
193
What was Robert et al procedure
Measured TV viewing hours of over 1000 New Zealand at regular intervals up to the age of 26 years
194
What were Robert et al findings
Researchers found that time spent watching TV in childhood and adolescence was a reliable predictor of aggressive behaviour in early adulthood (defined as convicts for aggressive and violent crime)
195
What is true about the effects of violent films
Effects of violent films can be explained through social learning theory (modelling)
196
What was Bandaura et als procedure (violent films)
Followed up their earlier research by looking at the effects of aggression viewed on a screen
They replicated their earlier study
expect that the chidlren watched a film of the bobo doll beaten by an adult model
197
What were the results of Bandaura et als study (violent films)
The outcomes were similar with children imitating the aggressive behaviour of model (and also of a cartoon version)
198
What’s a conclusion that can be made from Bandaura et als research on violent films
The social learning processes identified by Bandaura operate through media as well as face to face
199
How have violent computer games lead to aggression
Seeing characters in computer games being rewarded for violent behaviour could encourage aggression in the players themselves through vicarious reinforcement
200
What was Bartholow and Anderson procedure
A standard lab measure in the Taylor competitive reaction time task (TCRTT)
Participants deliver blasts of white noise at chosen volume to punish a (non-existent) opponent
201
What were Bartholow and Anderson results
Found students who played a violent computer game for ten minutes (mortal kombat) selected significantly higher volumes of white noise than students who played a non-violent golfing game(PGA tour)
202
What game did those who deliver higher levels of white noise play to an opponent
Mortal kombat
203
What a game did those who who gave lower levels of white noise to an opponent
PGA tour
204
How long were the games played for in Bartholow and Anderson study
Ten minutes
205
What is true about desensitisation in relation to aggression
People usually have an anxious reaction to violence and aggression
206
What is desensitisation
Repeated exposure to violence in the media may reduce this emotional, psychological response making people desensitised (lees sensitive) to violence and therefore making aggression likely
207
What did krake et al procedure
Showed participants violent (and non-violent) films while measuring physiological arousal using skin conductance
208
What did krake et al results
Participants who were habitual viewers of violent media showed lower levels of arousal as they watched the violent film clips
They also gave louder bursts of white noise ( a measure of aggression) to a confederate without being provoked (proactive aggression)
209
What did krake et al find about levels of arousal for habitual viewers
Participants who were habitual viewers of violent media showed lower levels of arousal as they watched the violent film clips
210
What did krake et al find about habitual viewers in relation to white noise
They also gave louder bursts of white noise ( a measure of aggression) to confederate without being provoked (proactive aggression)
211
What is disinhibition
Seeing violence repeatedly in the media may mean it begins to seem socially acceptable, making people disinhibited (less restraint)
Effects are more likely when the perpetrator of aggression is seen to be rewarded and when opportunities to behave aggressively closely resemble those witnessed in the media
212
When is disinhibition more likely
Effects are more likely when the perpetrator of aggression is seen to be rewarded and when opportunities to behave aggressively closely resemble those witnessed in the media
213
What is true about inhibition in relation to aggression
Most of the time people have inhibitions about behaving aggressively - it is seen as unacceptable behaviour
214
What did Berkowitz and Alitio find
Found that participants who saw films depicting aggression as vengeance gave more (fake) electric shocks of longer duration to a confederate
215
What do Berkowitz and alitio findings show
Media violence may disinhibit aggressive behaviour if it is presented as justified and socially acceptable - as in the case of vengeance
216
What is cognitive priming
The violent material we see in the media is stored as memory (‘script’) associated with aggression
We are therefore ready or primed to be aggressive when we encounter aggressive triggers
217
What does seeing violent material in the media lead to
We are therefore ready or ‘primed’ to be aggressive when we encounter aggressive triggers
218
What did Murray et al do
Using FMRI to compare the brain areas of children who watched violent and non violent TV programmes
219
What did Murray et al find
Children who watched violent programmes activated an area of the brain responsible for strong episodic memories implying that the acts seen may have been stored as aggressive scripts
Psychology
flashcards
Decks in class (22)
# Cards
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Social Influences105
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Psychology 16 Markers498
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Approaches180
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Reaserch Methods295
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Non Key Researchers371
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Behavourism Peel5
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Psychopathology184
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Attachment203
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SLT(socail Learning Theory) PEEL5
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Cognitive PEEL5
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Biological PEEL5
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Psychodynamic PEEL5
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Humanstic Peel5
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Researchers114
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Non Key Researchers Findings38
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Memory238
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Isssues And Debates89
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Schizophrenia237
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Aggression220
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Psychology 16 Markers222
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Relationships192
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Biopsychology219
