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Alevel Chemistry AQA > Aldehydes And Ketones > Flashcards

Aldehydes And Ketones Flashcards

1
Q

What is a primary alcohol oxidised to?

A

Aldehyde

It is further oxidised to a carboxylic acid.

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2
Q

What is a secondary alcohol oxidised to?

A

Ketone

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3
Q

What can aldehydes be reduced to?

A

Primary alcohols

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4
Q

What can ketones be reduced to?

A

Alcohol

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5
Q

What can a ketone be reduced to?

A

Secondary alcohol

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6
Q

Define oxidation in organic chemistry

A

When a carbon forms a bond to a more electronegative element

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7
Q

Define reduction in organic chemistry

A

When carbon forms a bond with a less electronegative element

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8
Q

Define reduction in organic chemistry

A

When carbon forms a bond with a less electronegative element

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9
Q

Define reduction in organic chemistry

A

When carbon forms a bond with a less electronegative element

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10
Q

What reducing agent is used to reduce aldehydes and ketones?

A

NaBH4
LiAlH4

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11
Q

Why are these NaBH4 and LiAlH4 used as reducing agents?

A

As they are sources hydride ions
:H-

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12
Q

How do these reducing agents react with water?

A

NaBH4 + H2O—-> Na+ BH4-

The BH4- is the source of hydride ions.

LiAlH4 + H2O—-> Li+ +AlH4-

The AlH4- is source of hydride ions

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13
Q

Give an equation for the overall reduction of aldehydes?

A

CH3Ch2CHO + 2[H]—> CH3CH2CH2OH

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14
Q

What is the bonding in cyanide

A

Carbon is triple bonded to nitrogen

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15
Q

What is the bonding in a cyanide molecule?

A

Carbon is triple bonded to nitrogen

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16
Q

How do you name a 4 carbon chain with a cyanide group?

A

Butanenitrile

17
Q

What is the bond angle for a cyanide group?

A

180 degrees

18
Q

What is the bonding in hydrogen cyanide?

A

It is a covalently bonded gas

19
Q

Why is hydrogen cyanide not used in labs?

A

Extremely toxic to the point that if you inhale a tiny but you can die

20
Q

When an aldehyde or ketone react with cyanide what do they produce l?

A

An alcohol and cyanide

This is also known as a hydroxynitriles

21
Q

What are conditions to produce hydroxycyanide?

A

KCN OR NaCN
Dissolved in water (aq)
Dilute H2SO4

22
Q

What are the conditions required to form a hydroxynitrile?

A

KCN OR NaCN
dissolved in water (aq)
Dilute H2SO4

23
Q

What is the production of hydroxynitriles an example of?

A

Nucleophilic addition

24
Q

How do we name a hydroxynitrile?

A
  1. Count position number one of the carbon chain as the cyanide group.
  2. Name the side chain and alcohol group accordingly
25
Q

What is the overall equation for the formation of a hydroxynitrile

A

CH3CHO + KCN + H2SO4—-> CH3CH(OH)CN + KHSO4

Alevel Chemistry AQA (24 decks)

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