algae + fungi Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
protista
A
unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes with specialized organelles
2
Q
algae division
A
unicellular and multicellular
3
Q
unicellular algae groups
A
euglenophytes, chrysophytes, diatoms, dinoflagellates
4
Q
multicellular algae groups
A
green algae, red algae, brown algae
5
Q
euglenophytes translation
A
krásnoočka
6
Q
chrysophytes translation
A
zlativky
7
Q
diatoms translation
A
rozsivky
8
Q
dinoflagellates translation
A
obrněnky
9
Q
unicellular algae description
A
- contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis = autotrophic
- accessory pigments help absorb light, give algae a variety of colours
10
Q
euglenophytes
A
=krásnoočka
- autotrophs when sunny
- heterotrophs when dark
- unicellular
- found mostly in fresh water
- some have flagellum
11
Q
chrysophytes
A
= zlativky
= golden algae, fresh water
- with flagella
- facultatively heterotrophic (lack of light)
- forms: free swimming, filamentous, colonial
11
Q
diatoms
A
= rozsivky
- unicellular
- glasslike cell walls
- used in toothpastes, scouring products, and as filters (swimming pools)
12
Q
dinoflagellates
A
= obrněnky
- unicellular
- covered in stiff plates
- have 2 flagella
- may glow in the dark
- found in the ocean
13
Q
multicellular algae description
A
- relatively simple aquatic organisms
- able to photosynthesis (produce oxygen)
- dont have leaves, roots, flowers. vascular tissue - have phyla
- live in damp places (fresh and saline water), but can endure dryness and other conditions in symbiosis with a fungus as lichen
- contain chlorophyll-a and other photosynthetic pigments
14
Q
endure
A
vydržet
15
Q
lichen
A
lišejník
16
Q
multicellular algae are
A
relatively simple aquatic organisms
17
Q
multicellular algae are able to
A
photosynthesize - produce oxygen
18
Q
multicellular algae dont have
A
roots, flowers, vascular tissue - have phyla
19
Q
multicellular algae live in
A
damp places(fresh and saline water), but can endure dryness and other conditions in symbiosis with a fungus as lichen
20
Q
damp places
A
slightly wet, moist - vlhký
21
Q
multicellular algae contain
A
chlorophyll-a and other photosynthetic pigments
22
Q
importance of algae
A
- free floating phytoplankton provide the food base for most marine food chains
- some are used as human food
- harvested for useful substances such as agar or fertilizer
23
Q
fertilizer
A
hnojivo
24
the study of marine algae
phycology or algology
25
symbiosis
- algae that enter into symbiosis with fungus are called lichens
- the stony corals which construct coral riffs formed a symbiotic partnership with single-celled algae called zooxanthellae
26
reproduction of algae
sexually and asexually
27
asexual reproduction of algae
by fragmentation and by spores (motile and non-motile)
28
sexual reproduction of algae
by the fusion of gametes
29
forms of reproduction of algae
isogamy, anisogamy, oogamy
30
isogamy
equal-sized motile gametes
31
anisogamy
motile gametes, different sizes
32
oogamy
small motile male gamete, large non-motile female gamete
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life cycle
34
eukaryotic algae groups
chromophyta, rhodophyta, chlorophyta
35
chromophyta
brown algae
36
rhodophyta
red algae
37
chlorophyta
green algae
38
Chromophyta are mostly
Marine algae, including many seaweeds
39
Chromophyta contain
The pigment fucoxanthin - greenish-brown colour
40
Chromophyta storage material
Laminarin
41
Chromophyta usage
Eaten by Japanese, stabilisers in ice cream, toothpastes
42
Chromophyta examples
Seaweed, kelp
43
Seaweed, kelp
= chaluha
- multicellular, the most complex, developed anatomy of all the algae
44
Rhodophyta
- mostly multicellular, marine algae, including seaweeds
- most of the coralline algae
- traditional part of European and Asian cuisine (vitamins, proteins)
- used to make other products like agar, food additives
- can occur down to 200 metres
- contain the pigment phycoerythrin = reflects red light and absorbs blue light
- floridean starch - storage material (energy)
- typically live attached to surfaces rather then floating
45
Rhodophyta mostly
Multicellular, marine algae, including seaweeds
46
Rhodophyta examples
Coralline algae
47
Rhodophyta usage
- traditional part of European and Asian cuisine (vitamins, proteins)
- used to make agar and food additives
48
Food additives
Přídavky
49
Rhodophyta can occur
Down to 200 metres
50
Rhodophyta pigment
Phycoerythrin
51
Phycoerythrin
Reflects red light and absorbs blue light
52
Rhodophyta storage material
Floridean starch
53
Rhodophyta typically live
Attached to surfaces rather than floating
54
Chlorophyta
- mostly fresh water, with phylla
- reserve - starch
- attached to bottom
- unicellular and multicellular
- reproduction - asexual (spores) and sexual (conjunction)
- fresh and marine water
- spirogyra and volvox
55
Chlorophyta mostly
Freshwater, with phylla
56
Chlorophyta storage material
Starch
57
Chlorophyta can be
Multicellular and unicellular
58
Chlorophyta are attached
To the bottom
59
Chlorophyta reproduction
Asexual - spores
Sexual - conjugation
60
Chlorophyta examples
Spirogyra, volvox
61
Spirogyra
Šroubatka
62
Volvox
Válec koulivý
63
fungi is
a kingdom of eukaryotic organisms
64
mycology
science about fungi
65
fungi
- no pigments
- no photosynthesis
- heterotrophic
- often have symbiotic relationships
- saprophytic (decompose dead matter)
- parasitic
- pathogens
- mushrooms, yeast, molds
- used by humans: yeast for fermentation of beer and bread, mushroom farming
66
fungi often have
symbiotic relationships with plants
67
fungi are
saprophytic, parazitic, pathogenic
68
saprophytic
decompose dead matter
69
fungi examples
mushrooms, yeasts, molds
70
mold
plíseň
71
yeasts
kvasinky
72
fungi usage
used by humans: yeasts for fermentation of beer and bread, mushroom farming
73
structure of fungi
- made of filamentous tubes called hyphae
- hyphae contain internal crosswalls called septa = divide the hyphae into separated cells
-the entire mass of hyphae is called mycelium
- cell walls are composed of chitin
74
hyphae
filamentous tubes
75
septa
internal crosswalls of hyphae that divide it into separated cells
76
mycelium
the entire mass of hyphae
77
fungi store their food as
glycogen (like animals)
78
fungi cell walls are composed of
chitin
79
mycorrhiza
a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a plant root (fungus grows into the soil and absorbing nutrients for the plant, plant provides the fungus with products of photosynthesis, sugar)
80
fungi structure
cap, gill, pores, sporangia, ring, stem, hypha, volva, mycelium
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sporangia
výtrusnice
82
germimation
=klíčení
= creation of the 1st root
83
volva
pochva
84
mycelium
podhoubí
85
reproduction of fungi
sexual + asexual
86
sexual and asexual reproduction of fungi
by spores that are spread by wind(germinate and produce new mycelium)
87
sexual reproduction of fungi
conjugation - fusion of two hyphae
88
asexual reproduction of fungi
budding in yeasts - a small cell separates from a larger one
89
fungi life cycle
90
myxomycota translation
hlenky
91
myxomycota
- acellular slime molds
- heterotrophic
- microscopic, a single cell with many nuclei
- produce a lot of mucus
- begin as amoeba-like cell that grows into a larger mass
92
chytrids
= chytridiomycota
- found in fresh water and land
- can be saprophytic or parasitic
- have zoospores
93
zoospores
flagellated spores in chytrids
94
oomycota translation
řasovky
95
oomycota
= water molds
- unicellular, filamentous
- aggressive plant pathogens: potato blight, grapevine downy mildew
96
fungicides
are used to fight diseases
97
potato blight
rakovina brambor
98
grapevine downy mildew
vřetenatka révová
99
eumycota translation
houby pravé
100
eumycota types
zygomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes
101
zygomycetes translatin
spájivé houby
102
ascomycetes translation
vřeckovýtrusné houby
103
basidiomycetes
stopkovýtrusné houby
104
zygomycetes example
- black bread mold
- mucor mucedo
- aspergillus
- penicillium
- truffle
- ergot
105
black bread mold
kropidlovec černavý
106
mucor mulcedo
plíseň hlavičková
107
aspergillus
kropidlák
- can be pathogenic, but also important (citric acid, sake)
108
penicillium
štětičkovec
109
truffle
lanýž
110
ergot
paličkovice - parasite of grain and grasses
111
ascomycetes
- vary in size and complexity from unicellular yeasts to complicated cup fungi and morels
- produce spores in sac-like structures - ascus
- reproduce asexually producing conidia
112
morel
smrž
113
conidia
asexual, non-motile spore of fungus
e.g. yeasts(budding)
114
Candida
fungal infection in humans
115
sac-like structures
asci(ascus)
116
basidiomycetes
=club fungi
- produce spores in club-like structures - basidia
- mushrooms
- habitat: compost, logs, soil, manure
117
basidia
club-like structures
118
manure
hnůj
119
edible mushrooms
- agaricus
- leccium
- puffball
120
poisonous mushrooms
- death cup
- destroying angel
121
agaricus
žampión
122
leccium
kozák
123
puffball
pýchavka
124
death cap
muchomůrka zelená
125
destroying angel
muchomůrka jízlivá
- spasms, death
126
lichens
= symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae
- colonies may be 9000 years old
- mountain dwellers, arctic survivors, pioneer plants
- pollution indicators
- colorful dyes for clothes
- packing for ancient Egyptian mummies
127
pioneer plants
species that first colonize new habitats created by disturbance
128
lichens formed from
1) fungal partner(mycobiont) - provides water and minerals from soil
2) algal partner(phycobiont) - provides sugars
= mutualism
129
thallus
main body of a lichen
130
lichens zone
temperate or arctic, tropical
131
lichens way of life
- soil, rocks
- may absorb nutrients from soil, but generally is self-relient (algae-photosynthesis)
132
lichens reproduction
through diaspores
2 ways:
1) soredia - special layer for protection
2) isidia - without special layer
difference - conditions
