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Human Systems > Alimentary controls > Flashcards

Alimentary controls Flashcards

1
Q

What controls the alimentary system

A

Nerves and hormones

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2
Q

What hormones are involved in control of the nervous system

A

CCK
Gastrin
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP- INSULIN)
Secretin (reduces gastric acid secretion and increase HCO3 from pancreas)

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3
Q

Where is gastrin produced

A

G cells of the stomach

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4
Q

What is the main role of GIP

A

to increase insulin secretion

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5
Q

Where is CCK secreted

A

By the duodenum endocrine cells and helps in digestion of fats and protein

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6
Q

Where are hormones most active in the alimentary system

A

Within the stomach

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7
Q

Which cranial nerves are responsible for taste

A

VII- facial nerve
IX- glossopharyngeal

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8
Q

What cranial nerves cause secretion of saliva

A

Facial + Glossopharyngeal
Olfactory
Trigeminal

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9
Q

Which factor has the strength of stimuli on the brain to produce saliva

A

Chemical - taste of food

then mechanical - chewing food

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10
Q

What structures are involved in chewing

A

Jaw, facial and tongue muscles

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11
Q

What structures are involved in swallowing

A

Jaw, tongue and pharyngeal muscles

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12
Q

What cranial nerves are needed to swallow

A

V - Trigeminal
VII - Facial muscles
XII - Hypoglossal

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13
Q

What cranial nerves are involved in swallowing

A

V - Trigeminal
IX - Glossopharyngeal
X - Vagus
XII - Hypoglossal

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14
Q

What type of muscle is found in the oesophagus

A

Mix of smooth and skeletal muscle

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15
Q

What is the swallowing centre

A

In the brainstem, reflex response which inhibits respiration during swallowing

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16
Q

Which cranial nerve is associated with the oesophagus

A

X - Vagus nerve

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17
Q

What is secreted in the stomach

A

Gastric acid

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18
Q

What motility occurs in the stomach

A

Filling, relaxation
Mixing
Propulsive, peristalsis
Emptying

19
Q

What 3 stimuli are associated with gastric activity

A

Cephalic phase (head)
Gastric phase (intra-gastric)
Intestinal phase (intestinal)

20
Q

What are the factors that make up the cephalic phase (stimulus from the head to the stomach)

A

-Mechanical (chewing) muscles of mastication
-Chemical (taste and smell)
-Psychic (visual and emotional)

21
Q

Which factors make up the gastric phase of the stimuli

A

-Mechanical (distension)
-Chemical (food in stomach)

22
Q

What is distension

A

When things pass into the stomach

23
Q

What does intestinal stimuli refer to

A

-Mechanical (distension)
-Chemical (acid, protein in duodenum)

24
Q

What controls the gastric activity

A

Cephalic phase
Gastric phase
Intestinal phase

25
Q

Where is secretin produced and what does it do

A

In the duodenum, reduces the secretions from parietal cells of acid and increases the production of bicarbonate from the pancreas

26
Q

Which control phase of the gastric activity involves hormones

A

Intestinal phase (GIP, secretin)

27
Q

What hormone stops death of pancreatic beta cells and stimulates glucagon

A

GIP - Gastro Inhibitory Peptide

28
Q

Where do the secretions in the small intestine come from

A

Intestinal juice

29
Q

What motility is associated with the small intestine

A

Mixing
Villus movements
Segmentation contractions
Peristalsis

30
Q

How is the small intestine controlled

A

Mainly by local nerves (short reflexes) in response to intra-luminal stimuli

31
Q

Which phase has the greatest impact on the production of bicarbonate from the pancreas

A

Intestinal phase
-Secretin is released from the duodenum in response to acid which stimulates secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice
-CCK and VIP have weak stimulatory effects on bicarbonate secretion too

32
Q

How do the cephalic and gastric phase impact production of bicarbonate

A

Through the vagus nerve (small effect)

33
Q

What is the function of VIP

A

Many functions but for the gut it breaks down glycogen and relaxes the smooth muscle of the gall bladder and the stomach

34
Q

What does VIP stand for

A

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

35
Q

Which hormones from the intestinal phase stimulate enzyme production in the pancreas

A

CCK, Gastrin and GIP

36
Q

How does the Vagus nerve affect the secretion of bile

A

Relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi

37
Q

Which hormones stimulate the secretion of bile in the intestinal phase

A

CCK and secretin (weaker effect)
Stimulate contraction of the gall bladder and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi

38
Q

What secretions arise from the LI and rectum

A

Mucus and some water + electrolytes

39
Q

What motility is associated with the LI and rectum

A

Mixing
Mass movements
Defaecation

40
Q

How are mixing/segmentation movements controlled in the large bowel

A

By local reflexes
-Long reflexes are triggered by food entering the stomach

41
Q

What does the gastro-ileal reflex mean

A

Activity in the stomach increase motility on the ileum

42
Q

What reflexes stimulate motility in the large bowel

A

Gastro-ileal reflex
Gastro-colic reflex
Long reflexes triggered by food entering stomach

43
Q

Which nervous system controls the large intestine and rectum

A

ANS - Vagus nerve to splenic flexure and then pelvic nerves (sacral nerves) in the descending colon and rectum

44
Q

What can delay defaecation

A

Voluntary contraction of the external sphincter

Human Systems (34 decks)

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