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Human Systems > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart located

A

Middle inferior mediastinum

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2
Q

What is infective endocarditis

A

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves.
Bacterial infection involving the endocardial surface of the heart, including the valvular structures, the chordae tendineae, sites of septal defects or the mural endocardium

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3
Q

What are the 2 loops of circulation in the CVS

A

Pulmonary
Systemic

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4
Q

Which loop of circulation carries deoxygenated blood back to heart

A

Systemic

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5
Q

What is the circulatory system

A

Organ system transporting oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients etc

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6
Q

What makes up the cardiovascular system

A

Heart
Blood vessels
Blood
Lymphatic system

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6
Q

What occupies the anterior inferior mediastinum

A

Fat and Thymus

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7
Q

What is found in the posterior inferior mediastinum

A

Aorta and oesophagus

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8
Q

How many layers does the pericardium have and what are
they

A

2 - fibrous and serous

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the fibrous layer of the pericardium

A

Prevents rapid over-filling of the heart but can also restrict if there is an accumulation of fluid
(pericardial effusion) compressing the heart

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10
Q

What is the difference between the superior and inferior Vena cava

A

Superior - carries deoxygenated blood from head, neck and upper limbs
Inferior - carries deoxygenated blood from below the level of the heart (abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs etc.)

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11
Q

What valve separated the right atrium and ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

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12
Q

What does the pulmonary valve (semilunar valve) do

A

Allows blood to flow between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

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13
Q

Where does the brachiocephalic trunk originate from

A

Aortic arch

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14
Q

What are the branches of the brachiocephalic trunk

A

Right subclavian artery
Right common carotid artery

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15
Q

What does the brachiocephalic trunk supply

A

Right upper limb
Right side of brain
Head and neck

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16
Q

What vessel allows blood to bypass the liver in utero

A

Ductus venosus

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17
Q

What happens to the ductus venosus at birth

A

Closes and becomes the ligamentum venosum

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18
Q

What allows blood to flow directly from the right to left atrium in foetal circulation

A

Foramen ovale

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19
Q

What features are found within the circulatory system of a fetus but are not used after birth

A

Ductus arteriosus
Ductus venosus
Foramen ovale

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20
Q

What happens is blood passes into the right ventricle in utero

A

The ductus arteriosus links the pulmonary trunk with the aorta allowing blood to flow into the systemic circulation of the feotus

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21
Q

What do umbilical arteries do

A

Carry deoxygenated blood back to the placenta

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22
Q

Why does the blood not pass through the right ventricle during foetal development

A

The lungs are not functioning as breathing does not occur in utero

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23
Q

What is the fossa ovalis

A

Embryological remnant of the patent foreman ovale in foetal life which used to allow blood to flow between the right atrium and the left atrium

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24
Q

What is the purpose of the musculi pectinati

A

Allows for stretch and increase in the volume of the right atrium

25
Q

Where do the pectinate muscles originate

A

Crista terminalis

26
Q

What is the right atrial appendage

A

An additional part of the right atrium typically used as the site for an external pacemaker to be positioned

27
Q

Where would an external pacemaker typically be positioned

A

Right atrial appendage

28
Q

What blood vessel drains the head, neck and upper limbs

A

Superior vena cava

29
Q

What does the inferior vena cava drain

A

Everything below the level of the heart (abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs)

30
Q

How many aortic sinuses are there

A

3 and they give rise to the left and right coronary arteries

31
Q

Where do the pulmonary veins carry blood to

A

Left atrium

32
Q

Why do we have a trabeculae carnae

A

Prevent suction that would occur with a flat surface membrane impacting ability to pump blood

33
Q

What septal defects can we be born with

A

Interventricular/interatrial septum
‘Hole in the heart’
Atrial septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
Atrioventricular septal defect

34
Q

What is ASD and what can isresult in

A

Atrial septal defect
Incomplete closure of the foramen ovale
Larger defects can result in hypertrophy of the RA and RV

35
Q

What is hypertrophy

A

Enlargement in muscle mass

36
Q

Why are larger holes more dangerous in ASD/VSD

A

They will compromise the lungs and heart due to increased blood pressure

37
Q

Which septal defect requires surgery no matter the size

A

AVSD
atrioventricular septal defect

38
Q

What creates the ‘Lub’ sound of the heart beat

A

Closure of the atrioventricular
valves at the time of ventricular systole

39
Q

What creates the ‘Dup’ sound within the heart

A

Semilunar valves at the time of atrial systole

40
Q

Which of the heart sounds is the loudest

A

‘Lub’

41
Q

What are the chordae tendinae

A

The heart strings that connect to the papillary muscles and prevent the mitral and tricuspid valves flipping back into the atria

42
Q

What valves don’t have chordae tendineae

A

Semilunar valves

43
Q

What is metronidazole

A

An antibiotic which can be used to treat dental abscesses

44
Q

What is the most common infective endocarditis

A

Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE)

45
Q

Where does infective endocarditis occur

A

On rheumatic or congenitally abnormal valves (even prosthetic)

46
Q

Why might a murmur be present with infective endocarditis

A

Due to valvular vegetations

47
Q

What is angina pectoris

A

Chest pain related to Coronary artery disease

48
Q

What is collateral circulation

A

New blood vessel growth to pass around the area of reduced blood supply

49
Q

What can coronary artery disease cause

A

Ischaemia - diminished blood supply to any tissue or organ of the body, causing shortage of oxygen
Infarction
Angina pectoris

50
Q

Which artery is most likely to be blocked

A

Left coronary artery

51
Q

What is the probability of the right coronary artery becoming blocked

A

30-40%

52
Q

Which branch of the Left coronary artery is more likely to be blocked causing infarction

A

Anterior IV branch (40-50%)
Circumflex branch (15-20%)

53
Q

What is the longest vein of the body

A

Saphenous vein - from lower limb

54
Q

What happens if arteries cant be unblocked endoscopically

A

Coronary artery bypass graft
Using saphenous vein, internal mammary or internal thoracic
artery

55
Q

What does the moderator band do

A

Allows for more rapid conduction across to the anterior papillary muscle and helps with conduction times

56
Q

What is atrial fibrillation

A

Rapid, irregular contraction of different parts of the atria

57
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation

A

Rapid, irregular contraction of the ventricles​

Not compatible with systemic and coronary circulation​

Most disorganised form of dysrhythmia, and leads to cardiac arrest​

58
Q

What are arterioles

A

Terminal branches supplying capillary bed

59
Q

Name the muscular arteries

A

Radial, femoral, coronary and cerebral

60
Q

What are some elastic arteries

A

Aorta, common carotid, subclavian and pulmonary arteries

61
Q

What are the Purkinje fibres

A

Specialised conducting fibres, bigger than cardiac myocytes and create a synchronised contraction across the ventricles, thus maintaining our regular heart rate

Human Systems (34 decks)

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