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Human Systems > Liver and pancreas > Flashcards

Liver and pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two broad functions of the pancreas

A

Hormonal (endocrine, secretions pass into blood)
Digestive (exocrine)

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2
Q

What is the main portion of the pancreas

A

Exocrine
(Endocrine 1%)

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3
Q

What is the function of insulin

A

Promotes glucose absorption from blood into thee liver, skeletal muscle and fat cells. This enables the conversion of glucose to glycogen to be stored.

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4
Q

What is a function of somatostatin

A

Helps to reduce acid secretion and helps to slow down the digestive process

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5
Q

What are produced within the islets of Langerhans (endocrine)

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin

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6
Q

What can be found in exocrine gland

A

Many digestive enzymes
Bicarbonate ions

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7
Q

What converts glycogen to glucose

A

Glucagon

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8
Q

What enzymes are released from acinus within the pancreas

A

Amylase - starch-sugar
Lipase - Fats - fatty acids
Trypsin, Chymotrypsin - proteins
Nucleases - break down nucleotide

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9
Q

What is the function of chymotrypsin

A

Breaks down proteins and polypeptides

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10
Q

What do the ducts in the pancreas produce

A

Bicarbonate
-neutralises gastric acid

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11
Q

What are the five main sections of the pancreas

A

Head
Uncinate process
Neck
Body
Tail

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12
Q

Where is the head of the pancreas attached to

A

Duodenum by connective tissue
-Lies within C shaped curve

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13
Q

What is the uncinate process and where is it

A

A projection arising from the lower part of the head and extending medially to lie beneath the body of the pancreas. It lies posterior to the superior mesenteric vessels

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14
Q

What part of the pancreas is intraperitoneal

A

The tail

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15
Q

Where are bile and pancreatic secretions released

A

Major duodenal papilla which is surrounded by the sphincter of Oddi

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16
Q

What is the minor duodenal papilla

A

The opening of the accessory pancreatic duct typically present in 10% of people

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17
Q

What cells are found within islet of Langerhan’s

A

Alpha cells - secrete glucagon
Beta cells - secrete insulin
Delta cells - secrete somatostatin

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18
Q

What percentage of alpha cells are found within islet of Langerhans

A

15%

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19
Q

How are acini connected

A

Intercalated ducts which are then linked to intralobular ducts which drain to the pancreatic duct

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20
Q

What are Centroacinar cells

A

Spindle shaped cells which are extensions of intercalated ducts into each pancreatic acinus

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21
Q

What do centroacinar cells usually produce

A

Bicarbonate and mucin

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22
Q

How does cystic fibrosis affect the pancreas

A

Destruction of the pancreas and affects on the ability to secrete digestive enzymes can lead to malabsorption

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23
Q

What does destruction of primarily exocrine pancreas lead to

A

-Reduced digestive function
-Malabsorption
-Steatorrhea

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24
Q

What is steatorrhea

A

No breakdown of fats lead to fatty stool/faeces

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25
Q

What exocrine does cystic fibrosis affect

A

Lungs
Liver
Pancreas
Salivary glands - secretions are more mucosal in nature

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26
Q

How does cystic fibrosis affect the airway

A

Thick, sticky mucus blocks the airway making it much harder for air to pass through, negatively affecting the breathing

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27
Q

How does cystic fibrosis affect the liver

A

Blocked billiary ducts

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28
Q

Why can digestion become reduced with cystic fibrosis

A

Blocked pancreatic ducts in the pancreas which leads to malabsorption and less nutrients absorbed in the intestines due to lack of enzymes released in pancreas for breakdown of food

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29
Q

What is nail clubbing

A

A deformity of the fingers and toe nails associated with a number of conditions of the heart and lungs
-loss of the angle of the nail bed, increased convexity

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30
Q

What tissue layer is affected with cystic fibrosis

A

Inflammation of lamina propria

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31
Q

Where does pancreatic cancer affect

A

Head of the pancreas,
Cases blockages in bile duct and pancreatic duct which results in biliary obstruction
Bile cant pass into duodenum

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32
Q

Symptoms of pancreatic cancer

A

Loss of apatite
Unexpected weight loss
Lethargy and exhaustion
Abdominal pain

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33
Q

What is obstructive jaundice

A

Yellowing of skin and sclera. Symptom of a build up of bilirubin which is not excreted and typically with experience steatorrhea

34
Q

Why is pancreatic cancer often fatal within a year of diagnosis

A

It frequently has early metastasis
(spreads to other sites) e.g. liver

35
Q

Functions of the liver

A

Metabolism
-material absorbed from G.I.T. (detoxifies and processes)
-storage of glycogen
-release of glucose(regulates levels)

Protein synthesis (clotting factors)
Inactivation of hormones, drugs
Excretion of waste
Produces Bile

36
Q

Why is paracetamol toxic

A

Bi product of metabolism in liver is extremely toxic

37
Q

What are the lobes of the liver

A

Right
Left
Caudate
Quadrate

38
Q

Where in the abdomen does the liver lie

A

Right hypochondrium, extending to the epigastric region and then to the left hypochondrium

39
Q

What is the largest gland in the body

A

Liver

40
Q

What is the heaviest internal organ

A

Liver

41
Q

What is the ductus venosus

A

Directs blood in foetal life

42
Q

What embryological remnants are found on the liver

A

Falciform ligament - attaches intestines to posterior abdominal wall
Round ligament - remnant of the umbilical vein.

43
Q

What is the ligamentum venosum

A

The fibrous remnant of the ductus venosus, sometimes continuous with the round ligament

44
Q

What supplies the liver

A

The hepatic portal vein 75% and the hepatic artery 25% (oxygenated) (coeliac trunk)

45
Q

What carries bile to the gallbladder

A

Left and right hepatic ducts

46
Q

What forms the hepatic duct

A

Left and right hepatic ducts.
Intrahepatic ducts unite to form the left and right extrahepatic ducts which link to the common hepatic duct

47
Q

What are liver cells called and what do they do

A

Hepatocytes - produce bile

48
Q

What does bile contain

A

Lipid emulsifiers (bile salts)
Waste products including bile pigments (bilirubin-breakdown product of RBCs)

49
Q

Where is bile stored

A

Gallbladder

50
Q

What are the purpose of bile salts

A

Help cholesterol metabolism and aid absorption of fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K)

51
Q

What does sphincter of Oddi do

A

Helps control secretions from pancreas and biliary secretions into duodenum

52
Q

What does ERCP stand for

A

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography

53
Q

What route does almost all absorbed material from the G.I.T. take

A

Enters the HPV
Passes through liver
Processed

54
Q

What is the function of the hepatic portal vein

A

Drains unpaired abdominal organs
Carries blood from Gut, pancreas, spleen etc. to the liver

55
Q

Why is the HPV not a normal vein

A

Takes blood to liver instead of heart

56
Q

What veins make up the HPV

A

Superior mesenteric and splenic veins
Also contains blood from inferior mesenteric vein, stomach and gallbladder

57
Q

What are sinusoids

A

Larger diameter capillaries which drain to the hepatic vein from the liver. Has specialised lining endothelial cells (main role in clearing blood waste) and Kupffer cells, specialised macrophages

58
Q

What does the portal triad consist of

A

Portal vein (blue)
Hepatic artery (red)
Bile canaliculus (green)

59
Q

Where does the portal triad drain to

A

Central vein (middle of hexagon)

60
Q

How is the liver used in oxygen transport

A

Liver is involved in storing and mobilisation of iron which is used by RBCs for oxygen transport proteins like haemoglobin

61
Q

What are some diseases of the liver

A

Hepatomegaly
Cirrhosis
Viral hepatitis
Obstructive jaundice
Hepatic carcinoma

62
Q

What is hepatomegaly and its symptoms

A

Enlarged liver- sign of underlying problems with liver or cardiac failure. Can be caused by many conditions

Symptoms:
Abdominal pain
Fatigue
Nausea
Vomiting
Jaundice

63
Q

What is cirrhosis

A

Scarring or fibrosis of liver, inflammation like hepatitis or chronic alcoholism

64
Q

What can cause obstructive jaundice

A

Pancreatic cancer
Gall stones

65
Q

What is the primary liver cancer

A

Hepatic carcinoma (most common)
-linked to chronic liver disease and cirrhosis

66
Q

What is the duct called that comes from the gall bladder

A

Cystic duct

67
Q

What is a gall stone

A

Crystalline bodies made of cholesterol or bilirubin and calcium salts

68
Q

What is the blood supply for the pancreas

A

Superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries

69
Q

What vessels unite to form the hepatic portal vein

A

Superior mesenteric and splenic veins

70
Q

Where does anastomoses occur

A

oesophagus and stomach

71
Q

Why is portal hypertension so dangerous

A

An increase in pressure in the liver which can result in raised pressure in the oesophageal and gastric vessels which may rupture resulting in haematemesis

72
Q

What division of the gut does the superior mesenteric artery supply

A

Midgut

73
Q

What division of the gut does the coeliac trunk supply

A

Foregut

74
Q

Where does the bile produced in the liver open into the intestinal tract

A

Via the major duodenal papilla, through sphincter of Oddi, into the second part of the duodenum

75
Q

What is the arterial supply of the liver

A

Hepatic artery

76
Q

Where does the hepatic artery arise from

A

Coeliac trunk

77
Q

What is the region called where the hepatic portal vein, bile ducts and hepatic artery enter the liver

A

Porta hepatis

78
Q

What is the round ligament of the liver

A

Remnant of the umbilical vein which lies in the free edge of the falciform ligament

79
Q

What was the purpose of the round ligament in foetal life

A

To bypass the liver to allow nutrients to reach the foetus directly rather than being processed in the liver

80
Q

What does the portal triad contain

A

Portal vein
Hepatic artery
Bile canaliculus

81
Q

What cell types are present in islets of Langerhans’s

A

Alpha
Beta
Delta

Human Systems (34 decks)

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