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Human Systems > large intestine > Flashcards

large intestine Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the colon begin and end

A

At the caecum and anal canal

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2
Q

What part of the large intestine is most proximal (closest to centre of body)

A

Caecum

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the caecum

A

Acts as a reservoir for chyme which it receives from the ileum

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4
Q

Where does the caecum lie

A

Below the ileo-caecal junction

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5
Q

What prevents movement of large intestine content back into ileum

A

Ileo-caecal valve/junction

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6
Q

What are the 4 parts of the colon

A

Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid

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7
Q

Approx how long is the colon

A

150cm/1.5m

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8
Q

what does retroperitoneal structure mean

A

Sits behind the peritoneum

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9
Q

Which section of the colon is intraperitoneal

A

Transverse colon (within peritoneum)

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10
Q

When does the descending colon become the sigmoid colon

A

When the colon begins to turn medially

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11
Q

How long is the sigmoid colon

A

40cm approx

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12
Q

What is the right colic/Hepatic flexure

A

When the ascending colon meets the right lobe of the liver, it turns 90 degrees to move horizontally.
Marks the start of the transverse colon.

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13
Q

What is the splenic flexure

A

When the colon turns 90 degrees to point inferiorly (downwards)

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14
Q

What features help differentiate between the large and small intestine

A

Large intestine possesses:
Taenia coli
Haustra
Appendices epiploicae

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15
Q

What are the appendices epiploicae

A

Pouches of peritoneum filled with fat mainly on the transverse and sigmoid colon

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16
Q

Where does not possess appendices epiploicae

A

The rectum

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17
Q

What is the name given to the 3 longitudinal bands of smooth muscle on the outside of the ascending, transverse and descending colon.

A

Taenia coli

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18
Q

What is the most distal segment of the large intestine

A

Rectum

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19
Q

What is the role of the rectum

A

temporary store of faeces

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20
Q

What do rectal valves do

A

Support the weight of the faeces and slow movement to the anus, which would produce the feeling of wanting to defecate. Contain circular muscle

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21
Q

Why are some drugs given rectally

A

They can act much quicker by bypassing metabolism by passing through the gut

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22
Q

What is the internal haemorrhoidal plexus

A

Collection of veins in the rectum. These veins communicate directly between the portal and systemic venous system

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23
Q

Which anal sphincter is under involuntary control

A

Internal

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24
Q

What is a barium enama

A

Fluid (barium liquid) is injected into the anal canal to the large intestine and X-ray images are taken. Used to diagnose conditions of the large intestine.

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25
Q

What two features within the abdomen appear to have no essential function in human beings

A

Caecum and appendix

26
Q

Where/what is the vermiform

A

Appendix - Leads off the caecum

27
Q

What are the structural differences between the small and large intestine

A

Large intestine;
-has no villi
-incomplete layer of longitudinal muscle (taenia coli)
-ring-like arrangement of circular muscle (Haustrae)

28
Q

What are crypts

A

Glands found in the epithelial lining of the small intestine and colon.

29
Q

What do enterocytes secrete

A

Water and electrocytes

30
Q

What cells are found within the colon

A

Enterocytes
Goblet cells

31
Q

Where does the change in epithelium occur

A

Recto-anal junction

32
Q

What is the location of the anal canal

A

Extraperitoneal - between the ano-rectal junction and the anus

33
Q

What are the zones of the anal canal

A

Columnar zone
Intermediate zone
Cutaneous zone

34
Q

What vessels supply the anal canal

A

Superior rectal artery (superior 2/3)
Middle and inferior rectal arteries (inferior 1/3)

35
Q

Which veins drain away from the anal canal

A

Superior rectal vein followed by hepatic portal circulation (above dentate line)

Middle and inferior rectal veins followed by the vena cava circulation (below dentate line)

36
Q

which nerves innervate the anal canal

A

Above dentate line
-inferior mesenteric plexus
-pelvic splanchnic nerves
-inferior hypogastric plexus

Below dentate line
-pudendal nerve

37
Q

What epithelium is present at the anoderm

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinized

38
Q

Where in the anal canal is there keratinized epithelium

A

Cutaneous zone- stratified squamous keratinized

39
Q

What epithelium is found at both the colorectal and transitional zones of the anal canal

A

simple columnar epithelium

40
Q

What is the function of the anal canal

A

To maintain faecal continence and defecation

41
Q

What is the function of the colon

A

Absorption of fluids and electrolytes from chyme

42
Q

If the colon fails to absorb fluids what occurs

A

Diarrhoea

43
Q

What are the roles of bacterial flora found in the large intestine

A

-Ferment dietary fibre (cellulose) and lipid
-Gases produced (flatus)
-Synthesise some vitamins:
Vit B complex, Vit K

44
Q

What movements occur within the large intestine

A

Mixing movements
Similar to segmentation in S.I
Contraction of circular muscles
‘Squeezing’ action on chyme
Mainly in caecum and ascending colon

45
Q

What are propulsive movements

A

Peristalsis
Mass movements

46
Q

What does peristalsis do in the large intestine

A

Propels semi-solid faecal matter towards rectum (short range)

47
Q

What are mass movements

A

-Infrequent, more sustained contractions
-Usually after meals (gastro-colic reflex)
-Moves chyme/faeces from proximal colon to distal colon
-Rectal distension associated with desire to defaecate

48
Q

Where does short range peristalsis occur

A

In transverse and descending colon

49
Q

What is defaecation

A

Involuntary reflex involving the ejection of faecal matter from rectum via anal canal

50
Q

What muscle makes up the rectum and internal anal sphincter

A

Smooth muscle

51
Q

Which anal sphincter is striated muscles

A

External

52
Q

When is voluntary control of the external sphincter usually gained

A

2 years old

53
Q

What nervous system controls he rectum and internal anal sphincter

A

Autonomic nervous system

54
Q

What is an ileostomy

A

The small bowel is diverted through an opening in the abdominal wall, called a stoma.

55
Q

When is an ileostomy required

A

As a temporary measure or permanent to allow for healing after resections (cancer) or to relieve inflammation or inflammatory bowel disease

56
Q

What is a colostomy

A

A hole is made in the abdomen. The free end of the colon is pulled through the hole and stitched to the abdomen

57
Q

What is the main cause of diarrhoea

A

G.I.T. infections

58
Q

What causes death to 1 in 9 children per year

A

Diarrhoea

59
Q

What is the cause of diarrhoea associated with

A

Reduced colonic motility due to less mixing and less fluid absorption resulting in dehydration and electrolytes imbalance

60
Q

What causes constipation within the large intestine

A

Increased/excess fluid absorption associated with G.I.T spasm resulting in hard faeces

61
Q

What drugs can cause constipation as a side effect

A

Opiates

Human Systems (34 decks)

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