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Human Systems > Small intestine > Flashcards

Small intestine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 sections of the small intestine

A

-duodenum (L. duodecem)​
- jejunum (L. jejunus)​
- ileum (L. ileum)​

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2
Q

What is the function of the small intestine

A

Primary site for digestion and absorption

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3
Q

Where is the peritoneum

A

Wraps around all of inside of abdominal cavity, holds everything in place

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4
Q

What does partially retroperitoneal mean

A

Only covered by the peritoneum on it’s anterior side (front), but not posterior

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5
Q

Approximately how long is the duodenum

A

25-30cm

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6
Q

How long is the ileum

A

3.5m

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7
Q

Which part of the small intestine is usually empty at post mortem

A

Jejunum due to terminal peristalsis

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8
Q

Where does the small intestine start

A

Pylorus

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9
Q

How long is the small intestine

A

Approx 6m

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10
Q

What is the structure of the mesothelium (serous membrane)

A

2 layers that are continuous with each other made up of simple squamous epithelial cells

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11
Q

What layer of the peritoneum is sensitive to pressure, pain and temp

A

Parietal

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12
Q

What is the omentum

A

Sheets of visceral peritoneum extending from the stomach and proximal duodenum to other abdominal organs

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13
Q

What is the mesentery

A

A double layer of visceral peritoneum which connects to posterior abdominal wall.

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14
Q

What are intraperitoneal organs

A

Organs enveloped by the visceral peritoneum

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15
Q

Where are Brunner’s glands found

A

Above where the pancreatic and biliary secretions enter the duodenum

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16
Q

What is the purpose of Brunner’s glands within the duodenum

A

Secrete alkaline and mucous secretions to protect the duodenum from acidity of chyme, provide optimal condition for intestinal enzymes to be active and for lubrication

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17
Q

Where does the duodenum end

A

At the duodenojejunal junction

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18
Q

What does the sphincter of Oddi do

A

This muscular valve controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice, or enzymes as they pass into the duodenum

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19
Q

Where is the minor duodenal papilla

A

If present, 2cm proximal to the major duodenal papilla

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20
Q

What is cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

A peptide hormone and helps digest fat and protein.

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21
Q

What secretes CCK

A

Cells of the duodenum and highest secretions occur when there is fatty acids in the chyme entering the duodenum

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22
Q

What does CCK do

A

Inhibits gastric emptying but increases the release of pancreatic enzymes, as well as increases the production of bile, contraction of the gall bladder and relaxes the Sphincter of Oddi resulting in better fat digestion

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23
Q

What are the four parts of the duodenum

A

Superior
Descending
Inferior
Ascending

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24
Q

Where would a duodenal ulcer likely be found

A

Superior section within the posterior wall

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25
Q

Which site of the duodenum does the major duodenal papilla lie

A

Descending

26
Q

Which portion of the duodenum passes over the inferior vena cava and aorta and lies behind the superior mesenteric artery

A

Inferior

27
Q

Which vessels supply the pancreas

A

Coeliac trunk
Mesenteric artery

28
Q

What does superior and inferior mean

A

Above and below

29
Q

What is an ulcer

A

A breakdown of epithelial tissue

30
Q

What can relieve the upper abdominal pain of an ulcer

A

Eating

31
Q

If sudden intense abdominal pain, fever and nausea occur with a duodenal ulcer what might this indicate

A

Perforation of the ulcer and peritonitis

32
Q

What is the treatment for a ruptured ulcer

A

Surgery

33
Q

Where does the small intestine end

A

At the ileocaecal junction where the ileum and large intestine meet

34
Q

What are the main functions of the 3 sections of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
-mainly digestion

Jejunum
-digestion
-absorption

Ileum
-mainly absorption of nutrients

35
Q

What are the tissue layers within the walls of the jejunum and ileum

A

Lumen
Mucosa
-epithelium
-lamina propria
-muscularis mucosae
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
-innermost oblique
-inner circular
-outer longitudinal
Adventitia (serosa)

36
Q

What are goblet cells

A

exocrine glands which secrete mucin

37
Q

Where are hormones secreted and new stem cells found

A

Crypts of Lieberkühn

38
Q

What cells are found in the mucosal lining of the GI

A

Enterocytes
Goblet cells
Crypts of Lieberkühn

39
Q

What are Enterocytes

A

Tall columnar epithelium which have an absorptive function

40
Q

What is a plexus

A

A network of nerves or vessels in the body

41
Q

Which system do the nerves in the submucous plexus come from

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

42
Q

What innervates the muscle layers in the GI

A

Myenteric plexus

43
Q

Which plexus has both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation

A

Myenteric

44
Q

What increases the surface area of the small intestine by about 2-3x

A

The plicae circulares
-Permanent circular folds of mucous membranes

45
Q

Where are plicae circulares most numerous

A

The latter part of the duodenum through the upper part of the jejunum

46
Q

What can increase the surface area of the small intestine by 600x

A

Microvilli

47
Q

What is the name for 2 layers of mesothelium

A

Serosa

48
Q

What feature make the jejunum identifiable

A

Thick intestinal wall
Longer vasa recta (straight arteries)
Less arcades (arterial loops)
Red in colour

49
Q

How can the ileum be described

A

Thin intestinal wall
Shorter vasa recta (straight arteries) More arcades
Pink in colour

50
Q

How is the ileum adapted for greater absorption

A

Shorter and more branched

51
Q

Where are the Peyer’s patch most common

A

Ileum

52
Q

How does circular muscle aid in the breakdown of chyme

A

Carries out local contraction and breakdown

53
Q

How does chyme move along

A

Longitudinal muscle and villi

54
Q

What is the ileo-caecal junction

A

A muscular sphincter between the last part of the small intestine and the start of the large intestine

55
Q

Where can both Vit B12 and Bile acid be absorbed

A

Ileo-caecal junction

56
Q

What defects affect the intestines

A

-Dietary deficiencies (intolerances)
-Malabsorption syndromes can lead to deficiencies that affect blood (anaemia)
-Coeliac disease
-Crohn’s disease
-Cystic fibrosis

57
Q

What defect occurs in the small intestine which is identified using the rule of 2’s

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

58
Q

What are the Rule of 2’s

A

Used to identify Meckel’s diverticulum
-Usually present before age 2
-2%of population affected
-Within 2 ft from ileo-caecal valve
-2inches long
2 types of mucosa

59
Q

What are the 2 types of mucosa present in Meckel’s diverticulum

A

Gastric, pancreatic or colonic

60
Q

What is peritonitis and why may a Meckel’s diverticulum cause this

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum
If gastric tissue secreting HCL is present (from parietal cells), it may erode the ileal mucosa, resulting in perforation and subsequent peritonitis

Human Systems (34 decks)

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