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ALKYL HALIDES Flashcards

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1
Q

Chlorine- and bromine-containing natural products have been isolated from various species that live in the sea -sponges, mollusks, and other ocean creatures that adapted to their environment by metabolizing inorganic chlorides and bromides that are prevalent there.

A

Sources of Alkyl Halides

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2
Q

R-X, where R is an alkyl group and X is F, Cl, Br, or I.

A

Structure of Alkyl Halides

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3
Q

Can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary according to the degree of substitution at the carbon to which the halogen is attached.

A

Alkyl Halides

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4
Q

Compounds with halogen atom.

A

Alkyl Halides

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5
Q

sp3 bond

A

single bond

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6
Q

other name of alkyl halides

A

haloalkane

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7
Q

The boiling points of ethyl halides ______ as the atomic number of the halogen increases.

A

increase

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8
Q

_______ is the least polarizable of the halogens.

(but is the most electronegative)

A

Fluorine

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9
Q

_____ is the most polarizable of the halogens.

A

Iodine

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10
Q

An increased __________ is associated with stronger intermolecular attractive forces of the London dispersion type and therefore with an increased boiling point.

A

polarizability

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11
Q

It indicates how readily an electron cloud can be distorted.

A

Polarizability

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12
Q

The larger the atom, the _________ it holds the electrons.

A

more loosely

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13
Q

The more polarizable the atom is, the stronger the ___________ interaction.

A

Van der Waals’ Forces

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14
Q

alkyl + halogen suffix

A

ide

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15
Q

least bp in all halogen to highest, in order

A

H > F > Cl > Br > I

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16
Q

Multiple halogen substitution tends to (increase/decrease) the boiling point of the alkyl halide.

A

increase

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17
Q

Multiple halogen substitution tends to increase the boiling point.

However, as the number of Fluorine atoms increases, its boiling point ______.

A

decreases

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18
Q

Boiling Point is directly proportional to?

A

Van der Waals’ Forces

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19
Q

While the force of attraction increases, (higher/lower) temperature is required.

A

higher

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20
Q

Alkyl halides have some _________, but only the alkyl fluorides have an atom that can form a hydrogen bond with water.

A

polar character

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21
Q

What is the most water soluble among alkyl halides?

A

Alkyl fluorides

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22
Q

The other alkyl halides are _____ soluble in water than ethers or alcohols with the same number of carbons.

A

less

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23
Q

Increase length of hydrocarbon, it will become (polar/nonpolar)?

A

nonpolar

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24
Q

In a substitution reaction, the electronegative atom or group is ______ by another atom or group.

A

replaced

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25
In an elimination reaction, the electronegative atom or group is _________, along with a hydrogen from an adjacent carbon.
eliminated
26
The atom or group that is substituted or eliminated in these reactions.
Leaving group
27
What is substituted to the leaving group?
Nucleophile
28
This form bonds by donating an electron pair.
Nucleophile
29
This causes alkyl halides to undergo substitution and elimination reactions.
polar carbon-halogen bond
30
In the polar carbon-halogen bond, carbon is partially ______ while halogen is partially ______.
Carbon - partially positive Halogen - partially negative
31
In the polar carbon-halogen bond, induction arrow is pointed to halogen because of the ?
Electronegativity
32
What is the most electronegative halogen?
Fluorine
33
What is the least polarizable halogen?
Fluorine
34
What is the least electronegative halogen?
Iodine
35
What is the most polarizible halogen?
Iodine
36
Regardless of the mechanism by which a substitution reaction occurs, it is called a ________________ because a nucleophile substitutes for the halogen.
nucleophilic substitution reaction
37
The reaction of methyl bromide with hydroxide ion is an example of an S2 reaction, where "S" stands for ___________, "N" for ________, and "2" for _________.
S = substitution N = nucleophilic 2 = bimolecular
38
This means that two molecules are involved in the rate-determining step.
Bimolecular
39
most reactive to least reactive alkyl halides in an SN2 reacrion
methyl halide > 1° alkyl halide > 2° alkyl halide > 3º alkyl halide
40
Many different kinds of nucleophiles can react with alkyl halides. Therefore, a wide variety of organic compounds can be synthesized by means of ?
SN2 reactions
41
In bimolecular reaction, rate depends on the concentrations of the ____ reactants.
Two
42
The reaction between tert-butyl bromide and water is an SN1 reaction, where "S" stands for ___________, "N" stands for _________, and "1" stands for ________.
S = substitution N = nucleophilic 1 = unimolecular
43
dependent on conentration of molecule
SN1 reaction
44
dependent on concentration of nucleophile
SN2 reaction
45
most reactive to least reactive alkyl halides in an SN1 reaction
3º alkyl halide > 2º alkyl halide > 1º alkyl halide
46
In an __________ reaction, groups are eliminated from a reactant.
elimination
47
A _______ bond is formed between the two carbons from which the atoms are eliminated.
double
48
Therefore, the product of an elimination reaction is an _______.
alkene
49
The reaction of tert-butyl bromide with hydroxide ion is an example of an ?
E2 reaction
50
In E2 reaction, "E" stands for _________ and "2" stands for bimolecular
E = elimination 2 = bimolecular
51
Removal of a proton and a halide ion.
Dehydrohalogenation
52
Carbon that has halogen to which the halogen is attached.
Alphacarbon
53
Carbon that is adjacent to alphacarbon.
Betacarbon
54
E2 reaction is also known as?
Beta elimination reaction 1,2 elimination reaction
55
most reactive to least reactive alkyl halides in an E2 reacrion
RI > RBr > RCI > RF (alkyl iodide > alkyl bromide > alkyl chloride > aklyl fluoride)
56
The reaction of tert-butyl bromide with water to form 2-methyl-propene is an example of an ?
E1 reaction
57
"E" stands for _________ and "1" stands for ___________.
E = elimination 1 = unimolecular
58
There is an formation of _________ in E1 reaction.
carbocation
59
In E1 reaction, deprotonation occurs in the ?
B-carbon
60
most reactive to least reactive alkyl halides in an E1 reaction
RI > RBr > RCI > RF (but increasing reactivity from RF to RI)
61
Several naturally occurring halogen-containing substances have pharmaceutical applications. An example is the antibiotic CHLORAMPHENICOL produced by _____________.
Streptomyces venezuelae
62
Chloramphenicol use ?
an antibiotic, used for the treatment bacterial eye infection ; works by stopping the growth of bacteria
63
Bacteriostatic
Inhibits growth of bacteria.
64
Bactericidal
Kills bacteria.
65
Characterized by 3; abdominal distention, hemodynamic collapse, and ASHEN-GRAY SKIN DISCOLORATION.
gray baby syndrome
66
Common adverse effect/reaction of Chloramphenicol to Neonates.
Gray Baby Syndrome
67
Most prominent manifestation of Chloramphenicol
Ashen-Gray Skin Discoloration
68
Halazone use
Disinfect drinking water
69
Iodoquinol use
Amebicide (treat 'amoebiasis', intestinal illness caused by Entamoeba hystolytica)
70
Iodoquinol is also known as
Diiodohydroxyquinoline
71
Clofazimine use
For lepromatous leprosy; for dapsone-resistant
72
Chloroquine, Hydroxycholoroquine use
antimalarial (treats 'malaria', Plasmodium parasite)
73
Malaria is from bites of FEMALE mosquitos or ?
Anopheles Mosquito
74
Where is malaria endemic?
Africa & Palawan
75
Halothane use
General anesthetic agent / general anesthesia

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