PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Flashcards
1
Q
A property that does not affect the chemical identity of a compound.
A
Physical Property
2
Q
Can be observed and measured without changing a compound’s composition of matter.
A
Physical Property
3
Q
Any substance that has mass and can occupy space.
A
Physical Property
4
Q
2 Types of Physical Property
A
Intensive / Intrinsic
Extensive / Extrinsic
5
Q
Independent of system size or material content.
A
Intensive / Intrinsic Property
6
Q
Example of this property are boiling points, melting points, temperature, density, etc.
A
Intensive / Intrinsic Property
7
Q
Boiling point of water.
A
100°C
8
Q
Dependent of system size or material content.
A
Extensive / Extrinsic Property
9
Q
Example of this property are weight, height, mass, length, etc.
A
Extensive / Extrinsic Property
10
Q
Within the molecule.
A
Intramolecular
11
Q
Between the molecules.
A
Intermolecular
12
Q
The physical properties of molecules are in part dependent on ?
A
the types of IMF present
13
Q
Boiling points (BP) are dependent on ?
A
the mass of the molecule
14
Q
Solubility, the ability to dissolve into a solvent, is dependent on ?
A
Intermolecular Forces (IMFs)
15
Q
The strength of the interaction between molecules is also dependent on ?
A
the overall shape of the molecule
16
Q
3 Types of Intermolecular forces, by decreasing strength they are:
A
- Hydrogen bonding
- Dipole-dipole
- London Dispersion
17
Q
What is the strongest type of Intermolecular forces?
A
Hydrogen bonding
18
Q
A complex interaction that includes dipole-dipole, as well as orbital interactions and the transfer of electron density between molecules.
A
Hydrogen bonding
19
Q
These are the strongest of the IMFs.
A
Hydrogen Bonding
20
Q
Hydrogen bonding ranges from what kJ/mol?
A
5 - 25 kJ/mol
21
Q
Dipole means?
A
Polar
22
Q
Induced Dipole means?
A
Non-polar
23
Q
Interaction between polar and polar?
A
Dipole-dipole
24
Q
Interaction between polar and non-polar?
A
Dipole and Induced Dipole
25
Interaction between non-polar and non-polar?
Induced Dipole and Induced Dipole
26
Hydrogen bonding occur primarily between?
OH (Oxygen)
NH (Nitrogen)
FH (Fluorine)
27
In Hydrogen Bonding, the more ______ the atom the stronger the interaction.
Electronegative
28
In hydrogen bonding, the atom H is attached to usually has a ____ ____ of e-
lone pair
29
Forces arise from the attraction of OPPOSITELY charged atoms (other than H) In molecules.
Dipole-Dipole
30
This molecules may have a permanent dipole moment.
(Hindi madaling mag displace)
Dipole-Dipole
31
Generally in organic molecules they result from the presence of C-X (carbon bonded to an atom) where X is more electronegative to that of C.
Dipole-Dipole
32
Dipole-Dipole ranges from what kJ/mol?
5 - 10 kJ/mol
33
Permanent Dipole - Permanent Dipole (between 2 polar molecules) is also known as?
Keesom Force
34
Permanent Dipole - Induced Dipole is also known as?
Debye Force
35
Induced Dipole - Induced Dipole is also known as?
London dispersion force
36
Forces arise from the movement of electrons within a molecule.
London Dispersion
37
In london dispersion, the natural motion can produce an uneven distribution of the electrons (polarization of the distribution) resulting in a __________ in the molecule. This will induce the movement of electrons in adjacent molecules producing a dipole moment in them.
temporary dipole movement
38
In london dispersion, these "induced" dipole moments are very brief as they ________ when the electrons move to new locations within the molecule.
disappear
39
London Dispersion ranges from what kJ/mol?
2 - 5 kJ/mol
40
Other name of London Dispersion?
Induced Dipole - Induced Dipole
41
The strength of the IMFs depend on the ____________ between the molecules, especially for dispersion forces. Hence the shape of the molecule can affect the surface area of contact, long thin molecules have more surface in contact than spherical molecules.
amount of contact
42
The strength of the IMFs depend on the amount of contact between the molecules, especially for dispersion forces. Hence the ______ of the molecule can affect the surface area of contact, long thin molecules have more surface in contact than spherical molecules.
shape
43
Long thin molecules have more surface in contact than spherical molecules.
(True or False)
True
44
Molecules having a polar functional group have a higher________ than others with a non polar functional group of similar molecular masses.
boiling point
45
Factors affecting the physical properties of organic compounds
- Structure of Functional Group
- Molecules having a polar functional group have a higher boiling point than others with non-polar functional group of similar molecular masses
46
Molecules with _____ (longer) molecular masses have higher melting point, boiling point and density.
higher
47
formula of density
m
d × v
48
Molecules with BRANCHED chains have _____ boiling point and density that it's straight chain isomer.
lower
49
__________ isomers have greater surface area in contact with each other. Greater attractive force among the molecules.
Straight-chain
50
Larger molecules have _____ boiling and melting points.
Higher
51
Mass is constant. Weight measures gravitational force (N).
52
Forces that hold atoms together within a molecule (inside the molecule).
Intramolecular Forces
53
4 types of Intramolecular Forces
1. Ionic
2. Polar covalent
3. Non-polar covalent
4. Metallic bond
54
Strongest INTRAmolecular force
Metallic bond
55
Weakest INTRAmolecular force
Non-polar covalent
56
London Dispersion is under?
van der Waals force
57
affected by the pull of gravity
weight
58
amount of matter in an object
mass
59
Force of attraction within molecules (atom to another atom).
INTRAmolecular forces
60
Force of attraction between the molecules.
INTERmolecular forces
61
London Dispersion other name?
Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole
62
Molecules having a polar functional group have a _____ boiling point than others with a non polar functional group of similar molecular masses.
Higher
63
low boiling point meaning it is (faster/lower) to boil
faster
64
Molecules with higher molecular masses have ______ m.p., b.p. and density.
higher
65
Molecules with branched chains have ______ b.p. and density than its straight-chain isomer.
lower
66
Straight-chain isomers have ______ surface area in contact with each other so greater attractive force among the molecules.
greater
67
Larger molecules have _______ boiling and melting points.
higher
68
While mass is constant, weight measures?
gravitational force
69
Hold atoms together within a molecule.
INTRAmolecular forces
70
4 types of Intramolecular forces
1. Ionic
2. Polar covalent
3. Non-polar covalent
4. Metallic bond
71
Strongest INTRAmolecular force
Metallic bond
72
Weakest INTRAmolecular force
Non-polar covalent
73
same charges?
repulsion
74
opposite charges
attraction
75
london dispersion/ induced dipole-induced dipole is also known as?
instantaneous dipole
76
Evaporates at room temperature or below.
Volatility
77
If the solvent is polar, like water, then a smaller hydrocarbon componrnt and/or more charged hydrogen bonding, and other polar groups will tend to ______ the solubility
increase
78
non-polar / hydrophobic / ?
lipophilic
79
polar / hydrophilic / ?
lipophobic
80
More carbons means more of a non- polar/hydrophobic character, and thus _______ solubility in water.
lower
81
Anything with a _______ group (eg. ammonium, carboxylate, phosphate) is almost certainly water soluble, unless it has a large nonpolar group, in which case it will most likely be soluble in the form of micelles, like a soap or detergent.
charged
82
charged group examples
ammonium, carboxylate, phosphate
83
These are lipid molecules that arrange themselves in a spherical form in an aq solution.
(Found in soaps and detergent.)
Micelles
84
heads are
polar / hydrophilic
85
tails are
non-polar / hydrophobic
86
Any functional group that can donate a hydrogen bond to water (eg. alcohols, amines) will ________ contribute to water solubility.
significantly
87
Any functional group that can only accept a hydrogen bond from water (eg. ketones, aldehydes, ethers) will have a _____________ but still significant effect on water solubility:
somewhat smaller
88
Other groups that contribute to polarity (eg. alkyl halides, thiols, sulfides) will make a ______ contribution to water solubility.
small
89
What functional groups can donate a hydrogen bond to water that can significantly contribute to water solubility?
alcohols, amines
90
What functional groups can accept a hydrogen bond from water that will have a somewhat smaller but still significant effect on water solubility?
ketones, aldehydes, ethers
91
What functional groups make a small contribution to water solubility?
Alkyl halides, thiols, sulfides
92
Processes in which noncovalent interactions between identical molecules in a pure sample are disrupted.
boiling and melting points
93
The stronger the _________ interactions, the more energy that is required, in the form of heat, to break them apart.
noncovalent
94
liquid to gas
boiling / evaporation
95
solid to liquid
melting
96
liquid to solid
freezing
97
solid to gas without passing through liquid phase
sublimation
98
The boiling points of the compounds in any homologous series _____ as their molecular weights increase because of the increase in van der Waals forces.
increase
99
_________ in a compound lowers its boiling point because it reduces the area of contact.
Branching
100
A property determines how well the individual molecules in a solid fit together in a crystal lattice.
Packing
101
Geometrical arrangement of atoms, ions, and molecules
Crystal lattice
102
Occurs when one substance is converted into another substance(s).
Chemical reaction
103
Accompanied by breaking of some bonds and by making of some others.
Chemical reaction
104
Define as the detailed knowledge of the steps involved in a process in which the reactant molecules change into products.
Reaction Mechanism
105
Chemical reactions involve ______ of one or more of the existing chemical bonds in reactant molecule(s) and _______ of new bonds leading to products.
breaking & formation
106
The breaking of a covalent bond is known as?
Bond fission
107
During bond breaking or bond fission, the two shared electrons can be distributed _____ or _______ between the two bonded atoms.
equally or unequally
108
The fission of a covalent bond with equal sharing of bond electrons.
Homolytic Fission
109
Other names of homolytic fission.
- Homolytic bond cleavage
- Homolysis
110
Free radicals are?
- neutral
- reactive species
- has an unpaired electron
- can initiate a chemical reaction
111
The reaction if the bond breaking and bond making is symmetrical.
Radical reactions
112
product of radical reactions
radicals
113
The fission of a covalent bond involving unequal sharing of bonding electrons.
Heterolytic fission
114
Heterolytic fission results in?
formation of ions
115
lon which has a positive charge on carbon atom.
Carbonium ion / carbocation
116
lon with a negative charge on the carbon atom.
Carbanion
117
If the bond braking and bond making is assymetrical.
polar reactions
118
Cyclic flow of electrons via single transition state. (No formation of ions)
Pericyclic reactions
119
suffix phile meaning
loving
120
What are the charged species obtained by the heterolytic fission initiate chemical reactions?
Electrophiles and nucleophiles
121
An electron deficient species and it may be positively charged or neutral.
Electrophile
122
examples of electrophile
H+, AlCl3, Br2, Cl2, Ag+, CH3+, BF3 etc.
(hydrogen ion, aluminum chloride, bromine, chlorine, silver, methyl group, boron trifluoride)
123
Is negatively charged or electron rich neutral species.
Nucleophiles
124
Examples of nucleophiles
OH-, -NO2, H2O, :NH3 etc.
(hydroxide, nitrogen dioxide, water, ammonia)
125
electron pair acceptors
electrophiles
126
electron pair donor
nucleophiles
127
2 examples that can act as electrophile and nucleophile
water and carbonyl
128
water is an electrophile if it donates
hydrogen ion
129
water is an nucleophile if it donates
non-bonding electron
130
carbonyl is an electrophile if
it reacts on positive polarized carbon
131
carbonyl is a nucleophile if
it reacts on partially negative part of polarized oxygen
132
Chloride can be a nucleophile if it undergoes?
SN reaction
133
Chloride can be an electrophile if it undergoes?
Friedel Crafts Alkylation
134
Involves the displacement of one atom or group in a molecule by another atom or group.
Substitution
135
Aliphatic compounds undergo ?
nucleophilic substitution reactions
136
DMSO meaning
Dimethylsulfoxide
137
Characterized by the removal of a small molecule from adjacent carbon atoms and the formation of a double bond.
Elimination
138
Unsaturated hydrocarbons such as alkenes and alkynes are extremely reactive towards a wide variety of reagents. The carbon-carbon double bond (-C=C-) of an alkene contains two types of bonds. In alkynes, three carbon-carbon bonds.
Addition
139
An organic reaction in which two or more molecules combine to generate a bigger one (the adduct).
Addition
140
Proceeds with a fundamental change in the hydrocarbon skeleton of the molecule. During this reaction, an atom or group migrates from one position to another.
Molecular Rearrangements
141
Reorganization in order to yield isomeric product.
Molecular Rearrangements
142
What are the types of reaction in organic compounds?
• Substitution
• Elimination
• Addition
• Molecular Rearrangements
143
These are weak interactions between molecules.
van der Waals forces
