ISOMERS Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
Compounds having the same molecular formula and same molecular weight but different structural formula, thus differ in physical and chemical properties.
A
Isomers
2
Q
Isomer compounds have the same what?
A
Molecular formula and molecular weight
3
Q
Isomer compounds differ in what?
A
Physical and Chemical properties
4
Q
Isomers have different what?
A
Structural formula
5
Q
Molecular Formula is also known as?
A
Chemical Formula
6
Q
It gives the proportions of atoms which is present in the molecule or compound.
A
Molecular Formula (Chemical Formula)
7
Q
It shows different graphic representation of the molecule and compound.
A
Structural Formula
8
Q
Structural Formula types
A
Expanded, Condensed, Skeletal
9
Q
2 Dimensional
A
Structural
10
Q
3 Dimensional
A
Stereo
11
Q
Subtypes of Structural
A
Chain
Positional
Functional Metamerism
Tautomerism
Ring-chain
12
Q
Subtypes of Stereo
A
Geometric
Optical
13
Q
AKA Constitutional Isomers
A
Structural Isomerism
14
Q
Compounds which have the same molecular formula but differ in their structure.
A
Structural Isomers
15
Q
Simplest Hydrocarbons
A
CH4 (Methane)
CH3CH3 (Ethane)
CH3CH2CH3 (Propane)
16
Q
Which hydrocarbons doesn’t have constitutional isomers?
A
Simplest hydrocarbons
17
Q
This hydrocarbon has constitutional isomers.
A
C4H10 (Butane)
18
Q
CH4
A
Methane
19
Q
CH3CH3
A
Ethane
20
Q
CH3CH2CH3
A
Propane
21
Q
C4H10
A
Butane
22
Q
meaning of ( n ) in n-butane
A
normal and straight chain
23
Q
prefix “iso” is used when?
A
the structure is branched
24
Q
iso meaning
A
isomer
25
isomer is used usually on
2-methylalkanes
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This isomers differ in the chain of the carbon atoms.
Chain Isomers
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other name of isobutane
2-methylpropane
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prefix "neo" is used when
second to the last carbon is tri-substituted
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IUPAC name of neopentane
2,2-dimethylpropane
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These isomers differ in the type of functional group.
Functional Isomers
31
Has the same molecular formula but differs in functional group.
Functional Isomers
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These isomers differ in the attachment of the functional group to the chain at different positions.
Positional Isomers
33
This type of isomerism arises due to the presence of different alkyl chains on each side of the functional group.
Metamers
34
It is a rare type of isomerism and is generally limited to molecules that contain a divalent atom (such as sulfur or oxygen), surrounded by alkyl groups.
Metamers
35
Divalent atoms
Sulfur / Oxygen
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Metamers examples
Ethers
Thioethers
Ketone
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Isomer of the compound which only differs in the position of protons and electrons.
Tautomers
38
It occurs via an intramolecular proton transfer.
Tautomers
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Tautomers important example is
Keto-enol tautomerism
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⇌
reversible
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Has carbonyl carbon.
Keto form
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Has presence of double bond and hydroxyl group.
Enol form
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Keto form is _____ stable?
More stable 99.9%
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Enol form is ____ stable
less stable 0.001%
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Tautomerism examples
Ketone-enol
Enamine-Imine
Lactam-Lactim
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One of the isomers has an open-chain structure whereas the other has a ring structure.
Ring-chain Isomers
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A great example of ring-chain isomers can be observed in?
C3H6 (Propene)
48
Isomers that have the same composition (that is, the same parts) but that differ in the orientation of those parts in space.
Stereoisomers
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Isomers that differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms rather than order of atomic connectivity.
Stereoisomerism
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Geometrical Isomers is popularly known as?
cis-trans isomerism
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These isomers have different spatial arrangement of atoms in three dimensional space.
Geometrical Isomers
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This isomer is the one having identical groups on same side of double bond.
cis-isomer
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This isomer has identical groups on opposite side.
trans-isomer
54
Does not permit rotation.
π bond in alkenes
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- double bond
- has 2 diff groups
Geometrical Isomers (cis-trans)
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Cis meaning in Latin
this side of
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Trans meaning in Latin
the other side of
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"Cis" equivalent in German
Zusammen
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"Trans" equivalent in German
Entgegen
60
Trans-fat has high MP so it does not melt easily.
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Narrowing of blood vessels
Vasoconstriction
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trans-fat can be found in
fast food meals
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Geometric Isomers can be identified by using
cis-trans nomenclature
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E-Z Notational System substituent rule
CAHN-INGOLD-PRELOG (CIP sequence rule)
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In E-Z Notational System, higher is the priority if it has
larger MW
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In E-Z Notational System, lower is the priority if it has
small MW
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Isotope of Hydrogen
deuterium > protium
(tritium is not usually used)
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Highest atomic number
Iodine
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Lowest atomic number
Hdyrogen
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These are compounds having at least one carbon atom joined to four different atoms or groups.
Optical Isomers
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Such carbon atom with four different atoms or groups is called?
Asymmetric / Chiral Carbon Atom
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Those carbons that do not have four different groups are called?
Achiral
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Other names for chiral carbon
Stereocenter
Stereogenic center
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- absolute configuration
- how atoms attached around a chiral center
S - R enantiomer
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S meaning in S-R (Latin)
Sinister (Counterclockwise/Left)
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R meaning in S-R (Latin)
Rectus (Clockwise/Right)
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2nd to the last carbon is called
Penultimate Carbon
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How it rotates a plane of polarized light.
D - L Configuration
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D meaning in D-L
Dextro
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L meaning in D-L
Levo
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Ability of the object to be placed to another object without visibility restriction.
Superimposable (Specific) / Superposable (General)
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Mirror image and non superimposable.
Enantiomer
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non-mirror and non-superimposable
Diastereomers
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Diastereomers example
D-glucose
D-galactose
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If the hydroxyl group is on the right side
Dextro
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If the hydroxyl group is on the left side
Levo
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Have identical physical properties except optical activity.
Optical Isomers
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They rotate the plane of polarized light in opposite directions.
Optical Isomers
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In optical isomers, the ___________ is defined as the light that vibrates in one plane only.
plane polarized light
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The rotation of the plane of polarized light is called _______?
optical activity
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50% dextro & 50% levo
racemic mixture
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Compounds that rotate the plane of plane polarized light to the right (clockwise) are said to be?
Dextrorotatory
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Compounds that rotate the plane to the left (counterclockwise) are called?
Levorotatory
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Approximately ____ of marketed drugs are chiral.
50%
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The two enantiomers of a chiral drug may different significantly. It may have ______ differences or _______ differences
Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics
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What the body does to the drug.
Pharmacokinetics
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What a drug does to the body.
Pharmacodynamics
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Pharmacokinetics ADME meaning
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
99
Warfarin uses
anticoagulant (blood thinners)
increase clotting time
100
increase +½
less distributed
less potent
R Warfarin
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decrease +½
more distributed
more potent
S Warfarin
102
Qunatity of drug necessary to give effect.
Potency
103
pharmacologically active
S ibuprofen
104
no anti-inflammatory
R ibuprofen
105
Ibuprofen uses
NSAID (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug)
106
NSAID OTC mg
100mg, 200mg
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NSAID Rx mg
400,600, 800
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Teratogenic
Thalidomide
109
sedative
for morning sickness
R thalidomide
110
Shortened limbs of babies.
Phocomelia
