AMINES Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
Amines are compounds in which one or more of the hydrogens of ammonia have been replaced by _____ groups.
A
alkyl groups
2
Q
Smaller amines are characterized by their?
A
Fishy odors
3
Q
Characteristic of fermented shark, a traditional dish in Iceland.
A
Ammonia-rich smell
4
Q
The Greenlands shark which is the prime meat used to produce Icelandic fermented shark is ______ while fresh.
A
Poisonous
5
Q
The prime meat is poisonous while fresh due to?
A
High content of urea and trimethylamine oxide in the shark’s system
6
Q
In order for the shark meat to be consumed orally, it should be?
A
Fermented
7
Q
Primary Amine
A
1 R group, 2 Hydrogen
8
Q
Secondary Amine
A
2 R groups, 1 Hydrogen
9
Q
Tertiary Amine
A
3 R groups, No Hydrogen
10
Q
Amine that is cyclic without double bonds
A
Pyrrolidine
11
Q
Amine that is cyclic with double bonds
A
Pyrrole
12
Q
Amine that is cyclic with 5 carbons
A
Piperidine
13
Q
Amine that is cyclic with alternating and single double bonds
A
Pyridine
14
Q
Amine that is directly attached to the benzene ring
A
Aniline
15
Q
DNA & RNA comprises of different?
A
Nitrogenous bases
16
Q
3 Pyrimidine bases
A
PYRCUT
PYRimidine
Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine
17
Q
Cytosine can be found on?
A
DNA & RNA
18
Q
Uracil can be found on?
A
RNA only
19
Q
Thymine can be found on?
A
DNA only
20
Q
DNA stands for?
A
Deoxyribonucleic acid
21
Q
RNA stands for?
A
Ribonucleic acid
22
Q
2 Purine bases
A
(PURGA)
PURine
Guanine
Adenine
23
Q
Both guanine & adenine can be found on?
A
DNA & RNA
24
Q
Simple amine with how many Carbons are completely / appreciably soluble in water?
A
5-6 Carbons
25
The boiling points of the compounds in a homologous series of ethers, alkyl halides, alcohols, and amines increase with increasing _____________.
molecular weight.
26
Primary and secondary amines have higher boiling points than _______ with similar molecular weights.
alkanes
27
An _______ has a lower boiling point than an alcohol with a similar molecular weight.
amine
28
This refer generally to all organic compounds that contain a catechol nucleus (ortho-dihydroxybenzene) and an ethylamine group.
Catecholamines
29
catechol nucleus
ortho-dihydroxybenzene
30
Examples of catecholamines
Epinephrine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
31
These drugs are medications that stimulate certain nerves in your body.
Adrenergic drugs
32
2 Mechanism of Adrenergic Drugs
1. By mimicking the action of the chemical messengers epinephrine and norepinephrine.
2. By stimulating their release.
33
Adrenergic means _______________ (or on their receptors). When not further qualified, it is usually used in the sense of enhancing or mimicking the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the body.)
working on adrenaline (epinephrine) or noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
34
Other name for Epinephrine
Adrenaline
35
Other name for Norepinephrine
Noradrenaline
36
AKA ADRENALINE is a hormone and neurotransmitter used to treat allergic reactions, to restore cardiac rhythm.
Epinephrine
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Use of Epinephrine
To treat Allergic Reactions
To restore Cardiac Rhythm
38
Use of Epinephrine in Allergic Reaction
For severe allergic reactions which lead to hypotension, epinephrine helps to INCREASE BLOOD FLOW THROUGH VEINS by CONSTRICTING BLOOD VESSELS. By binding to receptors on smooth muscles of the lungs, epinephrine helps to RELAX the MUSCLES blocking the airways and allows BREATHING to RETURN to NORMAL.
39
Use of Epinephrine in Restoring Cardiac Rhythm
In the heart, it INCREASES the RATE and FORCE of CONTRACTION, thus INCREASING the output of blood and raising blood pressure.
40
Norepinephrine AKA Noradrenaline is a naturally occurring chemical in the body that acts as both a ____________ and _____________ (a substance that sends signals between nerve cells).
stress hormone
neurotransmitter
41
Norepinephrine is released into the BLOOD as a _____________ when the brain perceives that a stressful event has occurred.
stress hormone
42
Increases alertness, arousal and attention. Constricts blood vessels, which helps maintain blood pressure in times of stress. Affects your SLEEP-WAKE cycle, mood.
Norepinephrine
43
A substance that sends signals between nerve cells.
Neurotransmitter
44
Vasoconstriction also helps to maintain ________ in times of stress.
blood pressure
45
Norepinephrine effect in SLEEP-WAKE CYCLE
Increases sleep by EXCITING A SUBSET OF NEURONS IN the VLPO (ventrolateral preoptic (VLPO) nucleus in the ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS is the major area of the brain that controls sleep induction and maintenance.)
46
VLPO meaning
ventrolateral preoptic
47
The major area of the brain that controls SLEEP INDUCTION and MAINTENANCE.
Hypothalamus
48
Norepinephrine effect FOR MOOD
It has been shown to play a role in a person's mood and ABILITY TO CONCENTRATE.
49
Low levels of norepinephrine may lead to conditions such as ?
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) & depression
50
Dopamine is a _________________ that plays several important roles in cells.
neuromodulatory molecule
51
It plays a role in many important body functions, including movement, memory and pleasurable reward and motivation.
Dopamine
52
High or low levels of __________ are associated with several mental health and neurological diseases.
Dopamine
53
Dopamine can provide an intense feeling of __________. Dopamine is most notably involved in helping us feel pleasure as part of the brain's reward systemic.
reward
54
Compounds lacking catechol hydroxyl groups.
Non-catecholamines
55
Examples of non-catecholamines
Phenylephrine
Ephedrine
Amphetamine
56
A decongestant that is used to treat stuffy nose and sinus congestion caused by the common cold, hay fever, or other allergies.
Phenylephrine
57
Phenylephrine is an agonist of ______________.
α1-adrenoceptors
58
Nasal decongestant action is mediated by activation of α1-adrenoceptors in the arterioles of the ______________.
nasal mucosa
59
Nasal decongestant action is mediated by activation of α1-adrenoceptors in the arterioles of the nasal mucosa. This causes ______________, which leads to DECREASED EDEMA and INCREASE DRAINAGE of the SINUS CAVITIES.
vasoconstriction
60
Common OTC drugs that has Phenylephrine
- Neozep ®
(Neozep Forte, Neozep Non-drowsy)
- Bioflu ®
61
This Neozep contains Phenylephrine HCl, Chlorphenamine Maleate and Paracetamol.
Neozep® Forte
62
This Neozep contains Phenylephrine HCl and Paracetamol, has NO Chlorphenamine Maleate.
Neozep® Non-drowsy
63
This is a nasal decongestant clears obstructed air passages and nasal sinuses due to congestion making breathing easier. It also reduces postnasal drip.
Phenylephrine HCl
64
This is an anti-allergy, relieves symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, and itchy, watery eyes.
Chlorphenamine Maleate,
65
This is an effective fever reducer and pain reliever.
Paracetamol
66
Ephedrine is a prescription medicine used to treat the symptoms of ________________ during anesthesia (Hypotension).
symptoms of low blood pressure
67
The principal mechanism of Ephedrine action of relies on its indirect simulation of the adrenergic receptor system by increasing the activity of norepinephrine at the ________________.
postsynaptic α and β receptors
68
A= ALPHA = ________
B=BETA = _______ (heart-b1), ________ (lungs-b2)
1= _______
2= _______
B2 agonist = ________
A1 agonist = ______________________ = reducing nasal congestion
ALPHA = Arteries
BETA = Beats, Breaths
1 = constrict
2 = dilate
B2 agonist = asthma
A1 agonist = constriction of blood vessels & shrinkage of swollen nasal mucous membrane
69
Amphetamine is contracted from _______________?
alpha-methylphenethylamine
70
Amphetamine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of ?
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
- narcolepsy
- obesity
71
A central nervous (CNS) system stimulant that functions by increasing the amounts of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin (to a lesser extent).
Amphetamine
72
This is a central nervous system stimulants that work to restore imbalance of the brain by increasing mental alertness and improving the ability to focus. HENCE treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy.
Amphetamine Salts
73
Neurodevelopmental disorders - trouble paying attention, controlling impulsive behaviors
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
74
Person to suddenly fall asleep at inappropriate times.
Narcolepsy
75
This is also used for obesity, they work in the brain to reduce appetite and increase locomotion or stamina
Amphetamine
76
This work by enhancing a very important neurotransmitter called GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) at the GABA A receptor. This results in the sedative, hypnotic (sleep-inducing), anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties for which the drugs are prescribed.
Benzodiazepine
77
GABA meaning
gamma-aminobutyric acid
78
This receptors occur throughout the cortex and limbic system in the brain, and act to inhibit neuronal activity.
GABA receptors
79
Approved to prevent and control partial seizure.
Gabapentin
80
Medicine for anxiety, muscle spasms and seizures.
Diazepam
81
Medicine for panic disorders, severe anxiety, and seizure.
Benzodiazepine
82
A short-acting benzodiazepine commonly used to treat panic disorders, severe anxiety, and seizures.
Lorazepam
83
This is indicated to treat hypertension, to treat and prevent chest pain (angina).
Verapamil
84
Verapamil is a type of medicine called a _______________. If you have high blood pressure, these medicines work by blocking calcium going into muscles in the heart and blood vessels. Muscles need calcium to contract, so when you block the calcium, it makes the muscles relax.
calcium channel blocker
85
This is used to lower hyperuricemia (high uric acid in the blood) in patients with gout who have been treated with allopurinol that did not work well or cannot be treated with allopurinol. This medicine is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor. It works by causing less uric acid to be produced by the body.
Febuxostat
86
If allopurinol is not effective, what is used?
Febuxostat
