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Biochemistry II Final > Amino Acid Metabolism > Flashcards

Amino Acid Metabolism Flashcards

(88 cards)

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0
Q

Where are the majority of amino acids metabolized?

A

Liver

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1
Q

What is the location of amino acid metabolism?

A

Liver and peripheral tissues

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2
Q

Are amino acids stored in the body?

A

No

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3
Q

How do we attain amino acids?

A

Diet and synthesis

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4
Q

Where can free amino acids be found?

A

Cells, blood, extracellular fluid

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5
Q

Do we have a larger amino acid pool or body protein?

A

Body protein

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6
Q

About how many grams of amino acids are in the amino acid pool?

A

100-200 grams

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7
Q

What percentage and amount of grams of protein can be found in the average 70 kg person?

A

15-20% or 12 kilograms

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8
Q

About what percentage of protein is found in the amino acid pool?

A

Less than 2%

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9
Q

About how much of the amino acid pool is found in intracellular skeletal muscle?

A

1/2

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10
Q

What type of transport system is used for amino acid transport?

A

Active transport systems (ATP)

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11
Q

Can the amino acid carriers be induced?

A

Yes

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12
Q

What can happen if a transporter ends up taking in a lot of one particular amino acid?

A

Intake of other amino acids can become limited

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13
Q

Are peptides or free amino acids more likely to be absorbed?

A

Peptides are absorbed better

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14
Q

Where are peptides specifically broken down into free amino acids for the blood?

A

Enterocytes

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15
Q

What must occur first to break down an amino acid?

A

Removal of the alpha-amino group (nitrogen)

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16
Q

The majority of nitrogen broken off of amino acids during the initial break down step becomes what compound?

A

Urea

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17
Q

Where does nitrogen broken off of amino acids get sent?

A

Liver for degradation

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18
Q

Can nitrogen be stored in the body?

A

No

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19
Q

Nitrogen is excreted from the body as what compound?

A

Urea

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20
Q

What are two reasons that nitrogen gets sent to the liver?

A

Too much protein has been eaten or for gluconeogenesis

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21
Q

Most amino acids transfer their alpha-amino group to what structure?

A

Alpha-ketoglutarate (amino acid acceptor)

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22
Q

What is the result of transamination?

A

Glutamate and alpha-keto acid

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23
Q

What is the required coenzyme for transamination?

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

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24
Pyridoxal phosphate is a derivative of what vitamin?
Vitamin B6
25
What is transamination?
The transfer for the alpha-amino group of an amino acid to alpha-ketoglutarate
26
What enzyme is used for transamination?
Aminotransferases (transaminases)
27
What specific aminotransferase is used in muscle?
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) aka glutamate-pyruvate transaminases (GPT)
28
What is the specific aminotransferase used in the liver?
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) aka glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT)
29
Exercising muscle produces a lot of what substance which pushes the reaction to make what final product?
Pyruvate, alanine
30
A lot of what substance coming from the muscle going to liver drives the reaction to product what final product?
Alanine, pyruvate
31
What enzyme transfers amino groups from glutamate to oxaloacetate?
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
32
Are aminotransferases extra or intracellular?
Intracellular
33
During oxidative deamination, what is released?
Ammonia group as free ammonia (NH3)
34
What is the location of oxidative deamination of glutamate?
Liver and kidney
35
What type of energy level stimulates oxidative deamination?
Low energy charge
36
The muscle primarily exports what two things to transport NH3 to the liver?
Glutamine or alanine
37
What is glutamine?
Glutamate + ammonia
38
What enzyme makes glutamine?
Glutamine synthetase
39
Can glutamate be transported freely in the bloodstream?
No because it's toxic (therefore, glutamine is used)
40
Which specific amino acids may be the donors of nitrogen to make glutamine?
Leucine, isoleucine, valine, glutamate, aspartate, and asparagine (LIV GAA)
41
What process is heavily used for nitrogen excretion?
Urea cycle
42
What is the specific location of glutamate dehydrogenase?
Mitochondria (but know it's primarily in the liver)
43
How does the liver "deal with" ammonia?
Makes urea out of it
44
What enzyme deaminates glutamate?
Glutamate dehydrogenase
45
What is the other name for aspartate aminotransferase (AST)?
Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT)
46
What enzyme is prime for the entry point into the urea cycle?
Carbamoyl phosphatase
47
What substance is required in order for carbamoyl phosphate to be effective in the first step of the urea cycle?
ATP
48
Carbamoyl phosphate is used to move what substance to the liver?
The very first nitrogen
49
The second nitrogen involved in the urea cycle is a part of what substance?
Aspartate (in the citrulline reaction)
50
Urea is excreted from which organ?
Kidneys
51
Where are the two nitrogens from for each urea molecule?
One from free ammonia (NH3) and one from aspartate
52
What is the precursor for both nitrogens of a urea molecule?
Glutamate
53
What determines what happens to an alpha keto acid?
Energy charge, hormones (insulin or glucagon), glucose concentration, tissue (liver or muscle)
54
What happens to an amino acid with low energy charge?
It is oxidized to recreate ATP
55
What happens to an amino acid when there is low glucose?
Amino acid is sent to the liver to turn into glucose
56
Exercise has what effect on overall energy charge?
Creates low energy charge
57
What happens to amino acids during exercise?
Oxidized to make ATP in Krebs/ETC
58
What are the six amino acids that skeletal muscle is able to significantly oxidize?
Leucine, isoleucine, valine, glutamate, aspartate, asparagine
59
What pathway maintains blood glucose through gluconeogenesis?
Glucose-alanine cycle
60
Alanine provides about what percent of energy during exercise?
5%
61
Where did the carbons in alanine come from?
Muscle glycogen
62
Is there more glutamate intracellular or extracellular?
Intracellular (>50 to 1 ratio)
63
Moderate intensity exercise has what effect on alanine?
Increased concentration
64
What effect does low intensity exercise have on alanine concentration?
No effect
65
What effect does exercise have in glutamate concentration?
Decreased concentration
66
The demand for ATP requires what pathway to become much more active?
Krebs (to replenish ATP)
67
The breakdown of individual amino acids results in the formation of intermediates from which necessary pathway?
Krebs
68
What does anaplerosis mean?
The replenishment of Krebs intermediates that have been depleted
69
During exercise, does the glycolysis or Krebs pathway run faster?
Glycolysis
70
What is the source of pyruvate for exporting amino acids?
Muscle glycogen
71
What are branches chain amino acids primarily used for?
Fuel for the muscle
72
What amino acids make up over 90% of muscle amino acid uptake?
Leucine, isoleucine, valine (LIV)
73
Muscle is a prime donor of what substance?
Nitrogen
74
What enzyme hydrolyzes glutamine to glutamate to go back to the muscle?
Glutaminase
75
What specific are of the intestines constantly releases glutamate?
Splanchnic area
76
After a meal, there is a large uptake of what?
Branches chain amino acids (BCAA) and glutamate
77
The gut lacks sensitivity with uptake of what structure?
Branches chain amino acids
78
What is the primary site of amino acid uptake following a meal?
Liver
79
Which amino acids are released in amounts MORE than what is taken in?
Glutamine and alanine
80
Which amino acids are released LESS than what is taken in?
BCAAs, glutamate, aspartate, asparagine
81
What are the two most abundantly released amino acids?
Glutamine and alanine
82
Alpha ketoacids that have been turned into acetyl coA can also be turned into what?
Fat
83
Which two enzymes are eventually responsible for turning an amino acid into fat?
Acetyl coA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase
84
What is alpha ketoglutarate's corresponding amino acid?
Glutamate
85
What is alanine's corresponding amino acid?
Pyruvate
86
What is glutamate's corresponding keto acid?
Alpha ketoglutarate
87
What is oxaloacetate's corresponding amino acid?
Aspartate

Biochemistry II Final (5 decks)

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