Ketogenesis

Question 1

Ketone bodies are a result of excess of what compound from fat burning?

Answer 1

Acetyl CoA

Question 2

Ketone bodies “spill over” from which pathway?

Answer 2

Krebs

Question 3

What is the location of ketogenesis?

Answer 3

Mitochondria (of the liver)

Question 4

Ketogenesis is common during a time of depletion of which macronutrient?

Answer 4

Carbohydrates

Question 5

Ketones can be oxidized to make what compound?

Answer 5

ATP

Question 6

Ketones are created from what structure?

Answer 6

Fats

Question 7

By burning ketones, tissues avoid relying on what compounds for energy?

Answer 7

Amino acids

Question 8

Elevation of ketone bodies can be detected where?

Answer 8

Blood & urine

Question 9

When you don’t eat enough carbohydrates, what does the body do to make up for it?

Answer 9

Burns more fat to make carbohydrates (gluconeogenesis)

Question 10

What are the two ketogenic amino acids?

Answer 10

Lysine and leucine (Lindsey Lohan)

Question 11

What are three examples of ketones?

Answer 11

Acetoacetate, acetone, and beta hydroxybutyrate

Question 12

What is a byproduct of ketones?

Answer 12

Acetone

Question 13

Ketogenesis has what effect on gluconeogenesis?

Answer 13

Inhibition

Question 14

What pathway yields a lot of acetyl CoA therefore stimulating ketogenesis?

Answer 14

Fat oxidation (OHOT)

Question 15

What effect does acetyl CoA produced by OHOT have on pyruvate dehydrogenase?

Answer 15

Inhibits

Question 16

What effect does acetyl CoA produced by OHOT have on pyruvate carboxylase?

Answer 16

Stimulation

Question 17

What enzyme is the rate limiting step of synthesis of ketone bodies?

Answer 17

HMG CoA Synthase (found in cholesterol synthesis)

Question 18

What is the rate limiting step of cholesterol synthesis?

Answer 18

HMG CoA Reductase

Question 19

Where can a large supply of HMG CoA synthase be found?

Answer 19

Mitochondria in the liver

Question 20

What effect does glucagon have on liver glycolysis?

Answer 20

Inhibition

Question 21

What effect does glucagon have on liver fat burning?

Answer 21

Stimulation

Question 22

OHOT makes a lot of what reducing agent?

Answer 22

NADH (less NAD+)

Question 23

What effect does a low amount of carbohydrates have on gluconeogenesis?

Answer 23

Stimulation

Question 24

What structure can be stolen from the Krebs Cycle to make glucose in response to low carbohydrates?

Answer 24

Oxaloacetate

Question 25

What is the reason that acetyl CoA can become in excess from OHOT?

Answer 25

Not enough oxaloacetate stolen from Krebs to combine with it

Question 26

What effect does ketogenesis have on gluconeogenesis?

Answer 26

Inhibition (less proteins are consumed)

Question 27

Do ketone bodies need a carrier in order to be transported in the blood?

Answer 27

No

Question 28

What is a benefit of ketogenesis when glucose levels are low due to a possible fasting state?

Answer 28

Glucose is then spared

Question 29

What is a precursor for both ketone bodies and cholesterol?

Answer 29

HMG CoA

Question 30

Ketone bodies and cholesterol both start from what structure?

Answer 30

Acetyl CoA

Question 31

What creates ketones and where?

Answer 31

Excessive fat burning in the liver

Question 32

What creates cholesterol?

Answer 32

Excessive sugar and insulin

Question 33

What is ketosis?

Answer 33

Abnormal accumulation of ketones in the body as a result of excessive breakdown of fats cause by a deficiency or inadequate use of carbohydrates

Question 34

What are some serious consequences of ketosis?

Answer 34

Ketoacidosis, coma, and death

Question 35

What is a unique sign of ketosis?

Answer 35

Fruity breath from increased acetone

Question 36

What happens to the pH of the blood during prolonged or sever ketosis?

Answer 36

Decreased (acidosis)

Question 37

Low energy and low carbohydrates stimulates what pathway aside from ketogenesis?

Answer 37

Gluconeogenesis