Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 3 MOD > Anaesthesia: Intro and Sedation and Premedication > Flashcards

Anaesthesia: Intro and Sedation and Premedication Flashcards

1
Q

What is general anaesthesia?

A

The physiological state between being conscious and dead- the maintenance of ‘sleep’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the job of a vet for anaesthesia?

A

To anticipate, mitigate and minimise the risk of morbidity or mortality by:
Adequate preparation
Stabilisation
Protocol planning
Delivery
Monitoring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some general considerations of anaesthesia?

A

ASA status, aim of the anaesthesia, nature of the procedure, surrounding, equipment, knowledge, helpers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What skills are needed for anaesthesia?

(Day 1 Competencies)

A
  • Ensure patient airway
  • Giving O2
  • Know how to apply IPPV- intermittent positive pressure ventilation
  • IV catheter- give drugs IV
  • Basic CPCR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Outline the general process of anaesthesia?

A

Premedication

Induction

Maintenance

Recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the ASA and what is the ASA status?

A

ASA is the american society of anesthesiologists

ASA status is the general health of the animal and the patient risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the different ASA classifications?

A

ASA 1- Normal healthy animals

ASA 2- Mild systemic disease

ASA 3- Moderate systemic disease

ASA 4- Severe systemic disease, constant life threat

ASA 5- Moribund, not expected to survive following 24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What ate the three aims of anaesthesia?

A

Unconsciousness

Analgesia

Muscle relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is balenced anaesthesia and what are the benefits of it?

A

Anaesthesia produced by safe doses of two or more agents or methods of anaesthesia, each of which contributes to the total desired effect

Benefits: reduction of dose of each component, reduction of the side effects, optimised post-operative analgesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does nature of the procedure influence general anaesthesia?

A

Duration of procedure

Pain level of procdure

Localisation- head/neck eg

Recovery time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is analgesia managed in anaesthestic protocol?

A

Pre-emptive analgesia= treat pain before

Part of balanced anaesthesia/analgesia = reduction of requirment

Analgesia during recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What equimpent is needed for general anesthesia?

A

Depends but generally:

Oxygen source

Anaesthetic machine

Breathing system

IPPV/ventilator

Venous access/ infusion pumps

Monitoring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the risk of mortality of humans, cats, rabbits and horses?

A

1 in 2000 humans

0.11% of cats

just under 1 in 100 rabbits

1 in 100 horses will die

Most important factor is pre-exisitng disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the difference between sedation and premedication?

A

Sedation:
may be used as an alternative to general anaesthesia
Non-invasive procedures
Non-painful procedures

Premedication- administered prior to anaesthesia

Terms often used interchangeably

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why sedate instead of premed?

A

To relieve patient anxiety

Facilitate handling

Analgesia

Muscle relaxation

To enable procedures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why premedicate instead of sedate?

A

Smooth induction of anaesthesia

Smooth maintenance of GA

Smooth recovery of GA

Reduce required dose of induction/maintenance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What would the ideal premed or sedative do?

A

Relieve fear/anxiety

Be safe

Reliable and predictable effect

Quick onset, appropriate duration of action

Easy to administer (route, volume, non-irritating)

Minimal CV, Resp and other side effects

Provide analgesia

19
Q

How can the cascade be used for sedatives and premeds?

A

Use the cascade to your advantage

Drugs for food producing animals must have an MRL

Use drugs to provide adequate analgesia

Use drugs to provide adequate sedation

20
Q

What are considerations of sedation and premed?

A
  • Reason for sedation/premed
  • What drugs you can use- food producing/cascade
  • Will there be pain
  • Are your drugs safe to use in this case
  • Will your drugs effectively sedate this patient
  • What if it doesn’t work?
21
Q

Why would you sedate/premed pre-appointment and what are your options?

A

For use of patients who are known to be anxious

Equine- acepromazine oral gel, detomodine oromucosal gel

Dogs and Cats- gabapentin 2 hours before appointment, Trazadone- caution if history of seizures

22
Q

What opioids could be used for sedation/premed what are the advantages and problems?

A

Butorphanol

Buprenorphine

Methadone

Fentanyl

(morphine)

Advantages- may be adequate alone, often good sedation if the animal presents very painful

Disadvantages- Respiratory depression

23
Q

What phenothiazines could be used for premed/sedation?

A

Acepromazine

24
Q

What alpha 2 receptor agonists could be used for sedation/premed?

A

Xylazine, Detomidine, Romifidine, Medetomidine, Dexmedetomidine

Sympathomimetics

25
Q

What benzodiazepines can be used for sedation/premed?

A

Diazepam, midazolam

affect GABA receptors

GABA is exitatory

26
Q

What adjuncts can be used for sedation/premed? PAK

A

Propfol

Alfaxalone

Ketamine

27
Q

What is acepromazine sedation/premed useful for?

What are its side effects?

How long is the onset?

What are the problems?

A

Useful for:
Mitral valve disease cases
Patients with BOAS
Laryngeal paralysis/URT disease
In combination with alpha-2 agonist for background calming effect

Side effects- vasodilation

Onset 20-40 minutes

Problems- unreliable sedation, no analgesia, not reversible, long duration of action

Has moderate MAC sparing effect

28
Q

What is acepromazine not suitable for?

A

Very young patients <3 months

Hepatic impairment

Haemorrhage (actual or anticipates)

Anticipated hypotension during general anaesthesia

Sepsis

29
Q

What are alpha 2 agonists useful for?

What are its side effects?

How long is it’s onset?

A

Useful for:
All adult horses, Farm animals, Most dogs/cats

Side effects:
peripheral vasoconstriction/reflex bradycardia, reduced cardiac contractility, increased urine production

Onset- depends on route: IV almost immediate, very reliable sedation

30
Q
  1. What is the sedation of alpha 2 agonists like?
  2. Does it give analagesia?
  3. Is it reversible?
  4. How long does it last?
  5. Small or large MAC sparing effect?
A
  1. Very reliable sedation
  2. Does give analgesia
  3. Is reversible- atipamezole
  4. Duration depends on drug and dose
  5. Large MAC sparing effect
31
Q

When are alpha 2 agonists not suitable?

A

Mitral valve disease

Very yound <3 months

Resulting bradycardia may be a problem

Urinary obstruction

32
Q
  1. What are bezodiazepines useful for?
  2. How long is onset?
  3. What are their side effects?
  4. What is the sedation like?
  5. Does it give analgesia?
  6. Is it reversible
  7. What is the MAC sparing effect like?
A
  1. Useful for very young, very old, very sick
  2. Depends on ROA- IV 5 mins
  3. Minimal side effects
  4. Sedation unreliable
  5. No analgesia
  6. Is reversible- flumazenil
  7. Moderate MAC sparing effect
33
Q

When are benzodiazepines not suitable?

A

Farm Animals

Potrosytemic Shunt cases

34
Q

What are the options for adjuncts and wht are they used?

A

Adjuncts ‘help things along’

Propofol

Alfaxalone

Ketamine- more analgesia, increased sedation reliability

Physical restaints- not suitable for analgesia

35
Q

How do you decide on route of administration?

A

Safety

Minimal stress

Will the drug work through said route?

36
Q

How could you administer opioids?

A

IV- rapid onset

IM

SC- less reliable

TM- fentanyl

37
Q

How can you administer acepromazine and what varies with ROA?

A

IV- lower doses

IM

SC

Oral- gel in horses, tablets in dogs/cats- less reliable

Sedation onset similar

38
Q

How can Alpha 2 agonists be administered how do ROA vary?

A

IV- rapid onset, lower doses

IM

SC- less reliable

TM

39
Q

How can you administer benzodiazepines what varys with ROA?

A

IV- more rapid onset, lower doses- could have paradoxical effect

IM- midazolam- less reliable

Oral- diazepam, not cats

Rectal

40
Q

What can be given to food producing animals for sedation/premed?

A

Butorphanol

Xylazine- very sensitive

Detomidine

Azaperone- for pigs

Recumbancy following alpha 2 agonists administration

41
Q

What adjuncts can be used for food producing animals?

A

Physical retraint

Ketamine

Ear twitch

Nose pliers

Crush

42
Q

What drugs can be administered for Equidae?

A

Alpha 2 agonists give reliable sedation of adult horses

Choose drug to provide appropriate duration of sedation

Alpha 2 agonists first, opioid 5 mins later

Acepromazine to smooth recovery- not colic

43
Q

What adjuncts can be usefd for horses?

A

Neck twitch

Ear twitch

Twitch

44
Q

What is usually used for dogs and cats sedation/premed?

A

Alpha 2 receptor agonists very reliable

Acepromazine useful for calming for long duration

Benzodiazepines if very old, sick, young

Year 3 MOD (40 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions