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Year 3 MOD > Behaviour > Flashcards

Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

What is the health triad?

A

Health is the combination of physical, cognitive and emotional health

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2
Q

What are the two types of motivational-emotional systems?

Who described them?

A

Positive motivational emotions

Negative motivational emotions

Jaak Panksepp described them

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3
Q

What are all the positive motivational emotional systems?

A

Desire-seeking

Social play

Lust

Care

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4
Q

What are all the negative motivational-emotional systems?

A

Frustration

Fear-anxiety

Pain

Pain-grief

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5
Q

What is the role of desire seeking behaviours?

A

a general purpose neuronal system that motivates animalstomore to places where they have potenial of finding and consuming resources needed for survival- food and water

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6
Q

What is the purpose of fear related emotional systems?

A

Anxiety- relates to the preservation of comfort provided by predictable access to essential resources and the managment of threats to personal or resource security

This intrinsically helps animals to avoid dangers and it is more adaptive to feel to feel anticipatory fear than to be attacked and harmed

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7
Q

What is the role of pain system in normal behaviour of animals?

A

Pain is related to the maintenance of body integrity and functioning and it is both a distinct sensation and motivation

The activation of this system is a response to the environmental stimuli which are relatedto actual or potential tissue damage

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8
Q

What is the role of the lust emotional system?

A

Organises the specific reproductive needs ranging from the attraction or the selection of a partner through courtship to any potential bond to mating with a sexual partner

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the care emotional system?

A

Dedicated to maintaining the bonds to the individual offspring through a recognisable parental care or nurturance towards others

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10
Q

What is the role of the panic-grief system?

A

This system is related more to the protection of the species rather than the individual; it relates to the safeguarding of the survival of young and protection of the genetic survival of the species

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11
Q

Before young can protect themselves what do yound animals exhibit and why?

A

Yound animals start to exhibit powerful emotional arousals indicating desperate needs for nuturing care

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12
Q

What is frustrastion and what does it cause?

A

Triggered by a failure to meet expectations, obtain resources or retain control- this system intensifies and accelerates behavioural responses

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13
Q

What is the fear anxiety emotional system designed to do?

A

It is designed to take the stimulus away from the animal or the animal away from the stimulus and limit potential damage

This can be achieved by increasing the distance and reducing interaction with the trigger or increasing the information known about the trigger

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

What happens when a emotional motivation is unsuccesfully responded too?

A

Frustration

This maybe due to the physical or social environment or due to human interactions and interventions

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16
Q

What can potentially cause ‘agressive’ behaviours

A

Responses of the panic grief system in association with frustration may be relevant

Possible also when frustration becomes involved in the lust system

Frustration of the social play system commonly results in agression

In false pregnancies the frustration of the care system caused by a lack of puppies can increase risk of aggressive reponses

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

What are the most important emotions in behavioural medicine?

A

Pain

Frustration

Fear-anxiety

Panic-grief

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19
Q

Why are problematic behaviours potentially not problematic, when are they a cause for concern?

A

It is behavioural responses to emotional motivators leading to the behabiour which could be entirely normal

They are a cause for concern when they are present due to:

comprised physical or cognitive health
miscommunication between species
enviornments are sub-optimal- physically and socially

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20
Q

What is emotional stability?

A

An individuals ability to remain emotionally stable and balenced

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21
Q

What is emotional capacity?

A

the level of emotional arousal that an individual can tolerate without significant or long lasting negative outcome

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22
Q

What is emotional valence?

A

Describes the extent to which an emotion is positive or negative

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23
Q

What is emotional arousal?

A

Refers to the intensity of the emotional motivation

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24
Q

What is emotional resilience?

A

The ability to adapt to stressful situations and cope with life’s ups and downs. Resilience does not eliminate stress or erase life’s difficultiesbut allows the animal to tackle or accept problems, live through adversity

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25
Q

What people have a specific level of responsibility with emotional stability?

A

Breeders:

Selection of breeding stock

Caring for pregnant bitches

Early rearing of puppies

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26
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A
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27
Q

Why do guardians have a specific level of responsibility in regards for emotional stability?

A

Providing an optimal, physical and social environment according to species specific needs

Providing the opportunity for beneficial learning- classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Rewarding appropriate decision making

Setting individuals up to succeed

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28
Q

What is the analogy of emotional capacity?

A

An emotional sink

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29
Q

What do all the different parts of the sink apply to?

A

Size of the sink- capacity for arousal

Cold tap- engaging- positive emotions

Hot tap- negative emotions

Mixer tap- emotional conflict

Drain- emotional resiliance

Overflow hole- displacement

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30
Q

What is emotional capacity- size of sink- decided by?

A

Genetics of parents and emotional health of parents

Experiences <7-8 weeks old

Experiences during the first year or so of life

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31
Q

What are examples of positive- cold tap- and negative emotions- warm tap?

A

J. Panksepp

Positive- desire seeking, social play, lust, care

Negative emotions- fear-anxiety, pain, frustration, panic-grief

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32
Q

How does emotional resiliance help with emotional stability?

A

It results in optimal emotional drainage after a trigger has been encountered

It helps to maintain a low level of residual emotion

This maximises the avalability of emotional capacity

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33
Q

How can drainage be achived?

A

Calming things

Sleeping

Chewing

Grooming

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34
Q

What is the significance of deplacement behaviours?

A

Normal behaviours in an abnormal context

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35
Q

What is deplacement always associated with?

A

A high level of emotional arousal- a full sink

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36
Q

When is there a high risk of overflow applied to the sink analogy?

A

The sink is small (low emotional capacity)
The tap is host when it its not justified (emotional disorder)
The tap is hot when justified (inappropriate physical or social environment)
The tap (hot or cold) is turned on full
There was a high level of residual water in the sink at the time (poor emotional resilience)
The people around do not recognise or act on specific signs of impending overflow

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37
Q

How can emotional overflow be prevented?

A

Optimising emotional health of the individual:

Creating adequate emotional capacity- appropriate breeding and rearing, positive life experiences

Establishing good socialisation and habituation- reduce salience of everyday stimuli- reduce flow rate, create positive associations with everyday stimuli- create cold tap inflow

Creating optimal emotional resiliance- encouraging drainage behaviours, chewing appropriatley, self directed relaxation

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38
Q

How can emotional overflow be prevented with those interacting with the animal?

A

Understanding emotional systems

Recognising the need for pets to be able to respond appropriatley and successfully to emotional responses

Learning to read signs of increasing emotional arousal

Understanding the role of deplacment activity

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39
Q

What is emotional intelligence?

A

The capacity to be aware of, control and express one’s emotions and to handle interpersonal relationships judicously and empathetically

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40
Q

How can emotional intelligence be taught to animals?

A

Involves exposing young mammals to a variety of contexts and establishing suitable emotional associations

Also rewarding appropriate decision making in terms of selecting behavioural responses to negative emotions when they arise

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41
Q

What are some possible behavioural responses to negative emotion?

A

Repulsion (fight)

Avoidance (flight)

Appeasement (actively gathering information)

Behavioural inhibition (passively gathering information)

Use of information gathering strategies (inhibition and appeasement)

Combination

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42
Q

What is the aim of an animals repulsion?

A

The aim is to increase distance from and decrease interaction with the trigger- this is achieved by influencing the trigger to take action

Many are reported as problematic: growling, hissing, air snapping, biting

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43
Q

What is the aim of avoidance how is it achieved?

A

The aim of the response is to increase distance from and decrease interaction with the trigger

This is achieved by the individual taking action

Problematic reports of this are: bolting, moving away from people who want to engage with the pet, taking a wide berth around other dogs, hiding from visitors

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44
Q

Why is avoidance often compromised in domestic species?

A

Dogs on leads

Dogs in crowded social environments

Cats in carriers

Well intentioned caregivers attempting to comfort pet

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45
Q

What is the aim of appeasement and how is it done?

A

The aim is to increase information about the trigger

This is achieved by actively interacting to both gather further information about the trigger and offer signs of non-hostility in return

Reported behaviours: juming up at people, attention seeking, urination on greeting

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46
Q

What is behavioural inhibition and when does it happen?

A

A state of behavioural shut down where the animal does not interact with the threat in any way but continues to gather information about it

Occurs when a threat is overwhelming in terms of: percived magnitude of threat, speed of its approach, proximity of stimulus

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47
Q

How can inhibition often be recognised as ‘being relaxed’ and appeasement as affection and trust?

A

If a potential threat has some positive qualities the animal may choose to stay in the presence of the stimulus

Inhibition and appeasment allow the dog to gather information while maintaining the potential for positive social interaction

This allows certain dogs a context of social interaction but unfamiliar or conflictual

Inhibition often seen as bein relaxed

Appeasment is often misinterpreted as affection and trust

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48
Q

What behaviours can individuals display at the same time?

A

Avoidance and inhibition

Avoidance and appeasement

Avoidance and repulsion

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49
Q

Why is cognitive health relevant to preventative behavioural medicine?

A

Establishing appropriate contextual associations for innate and reflex behavioural responses involved learning

Learning is involved with developing appropriate emotional associations with objects, contexts people and other animals

Developing behaviours which are compatible with the domestic context involves learning

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50
Q

What are the two forms of learning?

A

Classic- pavlovian

Operant- instrumental

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51
Q

What are the two main features of pavlocian conditioning?

A

Involuntary or reflex responses

There is no involement of reward

(Pavlovs dogs)

An association between unconditioned stimulus- food- and conditioned stimulus- food leadning to the conditioned response of salivation

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52
Q

How can pavlovian conditioning facilitate house training of a puppy?

A

The conditioned stimulus of substrate and location leads to the conditioned response of urination or defaecation

53
Q

What factors limit the success of house training?

A

Caregiver availability

Lack of easy access to outdoors

Useof interim conditional stimuli- newspaper and puppy pads

54
Q

How do factors influencing house training lead to failure/increased time?

A

The establishing of an association between an unconditional and a conditional stimulus is blocked by the pre-existing of an association with an alternative conditional stimulus

The puppy pad/newspaper association is blocking the formation of an association with outdoor stimuli such as grass

55
Q

How can punishment reduce the success of house training?

A

Punishment can create negative associations with people inthe presence of urine or faecal deposits

It can lead to: not toileting infront of people, eating faeces

56
Q

How does classical conditioning play a role in preventative emotional health care?

A

Stimuli that are associatied with a domestic enviroment need to be incorperated in the ‘normal’ set of stimuli- the learning processes involved are socialisation and habituation

The aim is to: decreases salience, encourage positive (desire-seeking) or neutral emotional responses, reduce negative (fear-anxiety) emotional responses

57
Q

How should socialiation and habitutation be advised?

A

Encourage a controlled and structured approach to early learning for puppies and kittens

Allow the animal to be in control

Set them up for emotional success

58
Q

How is appropriate socialisation and habituation for puppies achieved?

A

rearing environment needs to closely resemble the ultimate home

provision of suitable environmental and social stimuli within the home can be difficult to achieve

Expose to noise stimuli can be increased by use of sound recordings

Exposure to social stimuli can be helped by attending puppy classes

59
Q

What is important to remember about cats and dogs when thinking about socialisation and habituation?

A

Dogs- are socially obligate, expected to engage in social contact with other dogs and people, socialisation needs to be active

Cats- are social but not obligate, socialisation to humans is a priority, socialisation to cats is a passive process

60
Q

What factors influence a cats ability to live confortably with human beings?

A

Style of handling

Number of handlers

Amount and frequency of handling

Presence of queen and littermates

Genetics

61
Q

How can kittens becomeused to physical interaction from a young age?

A

It is recomennded that kittens are touched all over, lifted frequently and gently restrained

The aim is to prepare them- kittens must be in a positive emotional state forthe socialisation to be stressful

62
Q

What does instrumental (operant) conditioning contain?

A

Integration of three events:

A stimulus
A response
A consequence

63
Q

How does a treat help operant conditioning

A

The addition of an appetitive consequence increases the probablility that behavioural response being selected again in the context of that cue is poisitive reinforcment

64
Q

What is the most commonly reported operant conditioning related problems in emotionally healthy pets?

A

Lack of recall

Pulling on the lead

Not getting down from furniture

Not releasing objects such as toys or food

65
Q

Why does operant conditioning often go wrong?

A

Lack of consistency

Lack of patience

Poor training environment

Innapropriate response selection

Poor selection of cue

Poor timing of cue

Poor selection of consequence- not appetitive for that individual

Problems with the delivery of the consequence

Innaproriate useof punishment

66
Q
A
67
Q

How can operant training be set up for success?

A

Keep it calm

Keep it simple

Keep it short

Keep it fun

68
Q

How can you assist clients with operant conditioning?

A

Explain learning theory in simple terms

Explain that it is not a competition

Assist in selection of cue and consequence

Teach the caregiver how to use timing of cue and consequence to maximise learning

69
Q

What should be considered if dogs are not responding to learned cues?

A

Must be determined whether the behavioural request is reasonable

The emotional stateof the dog must be assessed- could be emotionally ill

Level of arousal needs to be considered

70
Q

How can detection of medical influences of emotional health and physical health be maximised?

A

A combination of medical and behavioural history

A chronological approach to the gathering of this information

Evaluation of the history in light of the medical and behavioural examination

71
Q

What further investigations can be carried out about the origins of behavioural changes?

A

Neurological examination

Haematological and biochemical parameters

Urinalysis

Diagnostic imaging

ECGs

72
Q

What are the different reasons between physical disease and behavioural change?

A

Developmental

Immediate

Learned

Emotional

73
Q

What is the potential of severe ilness in the first few weeks life affecting behavioural development?

A

Kittnens and puppies that are ill may be isolated from adequate socialisation and habituation

They may also develop negative associations with certain forms of handling due to the necessity for mediation and nursing intervention

74
Q

What is an immediate link between pysical disease and behavioural change?

A

Cases where underlying physical disease is directly responsible for the behavioural change

Behavioural change is a symptom of the physical condition

Can be obvious or more subtle

75
Q

What are some obvious links between current disease and behavioual change?

A

Acute pain and aggressive defensive behaviour- fractured limb manipulated

House soiling as a result of polyuria and polydipsia from a medical cause

76
Q

Where is there a significant overlap between emotional and physical health?

A

Neurology

When signs are consistent with neurological involement it will lead to consideration of differentials such as:

Epilepsy
Space occupying lesions
Congenital neurological defects
Inflammatory processes within the nervous system

77
Q

What are some examples of subtle link between behaviour and a disease?

A

Onset of anxiety as a result of endocrine imbalence

Relationship between hypertension and behavioural change

Gastrointestinal function effect on neurotransmitter availability- dysbiosis

Non ‘agressive’ responses to pain

78
Q

What are some non ‘aggressive’ behavioural consequences of chronic pain?

A

Chronic pain which leads to limitations of mobility may result in issues of indoor toileting

It can also lead to anxiety related behaviours, avoidance strategies, decrease in play and social interaction

In some cases individuals develop coping mechanisms to deal with the pain- it is possible for these responses to become ritualized

79
Q

What is an example of learned association between current physical disease and behavioral change?

A

Onset of ‘aggressive’ responses to stimuli- people or dogs- linked with pain through association

In early part of the association process the link may be obvious

With time a process of generalisation may lead to expression of ‘aggression’ in decreasingly obvious contexts

80
Q

Descibe the relationship between emotion and physical disease/behavioral change

A

The interplay between emotion and physical disease is a two way street

Any physical disease state that leads to irritation and debilitaiton is a risk factor alteration in emotional state and arousal

Likewise emotional disorders resulting in a physiologically stressed state can be a predisposing factor for physical disease

81
Q

How can emotional health impact on physical health?

A

Emotional motivations lead to physiological changes- physiological stress

Changes in mucosal integrity- bladder, GI function

Alterations in immune function- infectious disease, immune mediated diseases, wound healing, disease recovery

Alterations in weight managment- obesity, hypo/anorexia

Perception of pain

82
Q
A
83
Q

What is a sign of chronic physiological stress?

A

Repeated ill health

84
Q

What are common physical disease related indicators of physiological stress?

A

Dermatological conditions- stress related grooming patterns, repetitive licking, immune function factors

Urinary tract conditions- feline idiopathic cystitis

GI conditions

Obesity

Neuropathic pain issues

85
Q

How could FIC (feline idiopathic cystitis) be related to physiological stress?

A

Cats with FIC, when stressed, display more displacment activity then normal cats

Marked with an increase in their locuscoeruleus

Increased sympathetic activity

But do not have an increased plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations- this uncoupling is also seen in some chronic pain sydromes in humans

86
Q

How can FIC present itself?

A

Many of these cats may present with clearly medical symptoms such as straining to urinate

However others may present with behavioural change such as innapropriate house soiling or overgrooming

87
Q
A
88
Q

How can environmental effect emotional state also influence physical disease?

A

When environments do not cater for behavioural needs this leads to negative emotion

e.g human misperceptions may lead to presentation of water in wats that make it unattractive to the cat- restricted water intake can be a factor in renal disease

Multi cat households- negative emotion from social incompatibility may also be a factor in restricting access to water

89
Q

What are the short term practical consequences of acute pain?

A

Patients who are in acute pain can be difficult to handle- resentmentof manipulation and overt to confrontation are probably the most obviuos behavioural responses

Not all animals are active responders to pain though- cats show passive expression, dome dogs have stoic nature, others have excessive reaction

90
Q

What are long term practival consequences of pain?

A

Potential for associative learning to lead to the maintenance of behavioural signs once the acute pain is over- any interaction which coincides with the experience of pain can become associated with that pain

Inadequate managment of acute pain has been shown to be a risk factor for chronic post-surgical pain- adequate pre, peri and post op analgesia

91
Q

How can chronic pain affect behaviour change?

A

Physical changes associated with OA/DJD can lead to a range of behavioural changes:

Gait changes- limping and stiffness

Compromised ability to get into the car

92
Q

What factors appear to increase presence of chronic pain?

A

Surgical prodecures leading to tissue damage which would result in death in a non-domestic environment

Lack of treatment of disease at early stage

Inappropriate breeding

Innapropriate housing resulting in physical and emotional compromise

93
Q

Why is behavioural medicine relevant to pain cases?

A

Pain is both a physical sensation and an emotion

Pain is perceived in the brain- limbic system involvment

Emotional disturbance influences perception of pain

Presence of pain alters expression of emotional responses to stimuli- sound related fear in patients with osteoarthritis

Emotional disorders reduce available emotional capacity

94
Q

How does a patient express pain?

A

Gait exchanges

Response to manipulation

Reluctant to walk on certain surfaces

Inability to access litter trays

95
Q

What are the problems with reliance on physical effects to assess pain?

A

Physical effects are not always obvious

Bilateral gait with orthopaedic disease may be very difficult to detect

Vet consult room not an ideal location for assessment of gait

Changes can be subtle

May be obvious to a caregiver but not the vet

96
Q

How can chronic pain be detected?

A

The absence of behaviour also needs to be considered as a potential sign of chronic pain

97
Q

How is pain a protective emotion?

A

Behavioural changes can be the result of the emotional effects of pain

Pain is related to the fear-anxiety system

It is a protective or negative emotional system

The activation of this system is a response to the environmental stimuli which are related to actual or potential tissue damage

98
Q

How can pain be communicated through behavioural responses?

A

Passive behavioural responses- such as inhibition

Behavioural responses that are often misinterpreted by humans- appeasment

Behavioural responses associatied with high emotional arousal- such as drainage and displacement behaviours

99
Q

What is the role of appeasment in anxiety?

A

Appeasment are information gathering behaviours- caregivers report the dogs as more clingy

Ignoring or rejecting can lead to increased anxiety or frustration

These negative emotions can exacerbate the perception and significance of that pain

100
Q

How can emotional arousal increase the change of reaching emotional capacity?

A

An emotional health issue or effects of a health issue increase the level of residue in the emotional sink

101
Q

How can pain result in intense drainage behaviours?

A

Pain can cause a high emotional residue and therefore intense drainage is needed to keep the sink at manageable levels

102
Q

Other then drainage behaviours what other behaviours can a high level of emotional arousal cause?

A

Displacement behaviours

103
Q

What are examples of deplacement behaviours?

A

Shaking as though wet

Yawning

Stretching

Lip licking

104
Q

What needs to be considered when presented with behaviour problems

A

PAIN

105
Q

When is behaviour a problem?

A

In a clinical context a behavioural problem is defined by the person: caregiver, vet, law enforcers

106
Q

What is a behavioural problem?

A

A behavioural problem is when a behavioural response is justified due to a legitimate emotional response but is still problematic in the context or to human reaction

For example pip on the table

107
Q

What is a behavioural disorder?

A

When the emotional response is not proportional or appropriate to the situation

Animals can suffer behavioural disorders which caregivers do not identify because it doesn’t cause them prolems

108
Q

What signs that are indicative of a negative emotional state that could be related to a behaviour problem are often overlooked, misinterpreted and accepted?

A

Averting eyes- low intensity avoidance

Grumbling and curling lip- repulsion

Looking intently- inhibition

Appeasment- licking faces

109
Q

What needs to be identified when assessing emotional health?

A

Identify:

  • the emotional motivation for the behavioural or physical responses
  • the influences on that emotional motivation- genetics, early life history, experiences, physical/social environments, physical health
  • Level of emotional arousal
  • Level of emotional resilience
110
Q

What information can be gathered from the invidivual when investigating potential emotional components?

A

Signalment information

Information about the individuals- emotional state and resiliance

Make enquiries about the animal’s reaction to specific triggers

Rate of emotional recovery- strategy used

How they react to certain events- approach

111
Q

What is the aim of emotional history taking?

A

To ascertain whether the animal is emotionally stable

112
Q

What is the purpose of a house plan?

A

To determine the potential for the physical enviroment to play a role in triggering negative emotions and creating physiological stress for the individual

Gather info about which resource locations are utilised and when

113
Q

What can cause potential socail stress?

A

Intraspecies releationships within the household

Interactions with unfamiliar conspecifics

Social interactions with humans

114
Q

What does passive conflict between social groups involve?

A

Passive conflict can involve-

  • inhibition and avoidance- such as staring, posturing and keeping distance from one another
  • Appeasment- actively exchanging information such as leaning or licking at faces
  • These behaviours can easily be overlooked or misinterpreted
115
Q

What history is needed to understand what influences a fear-anxiety motivation?

A

Early rearing experiences of the individual

Information about their parents

Information about the life of the animal

Incidents which could lead to negative associations with specific stimuli such as- exposure to loud gunfire, hostitlity, traumatic

Health of the animal

116
Q

How is a fear-anxiety behaviour modified?

A

Reduce residual negative emotion

Reduce input of trigger- limit (modify social and physical environment) and dilute exposure

Think sink

  • reduce input, change perception, encourage drainage, remove residue
117
Q

If failing to alter fear-anxiety related behaviour through modification what is the second phase?

A

The second phase of behavioural therapy is to alter the emotional response and this is achieved by

Neutralising the animals reaction to the problematic stimuli through desentisiation then change the animals perception through forming new and positive associations

118
Q

Why is learning theory required for behavioural modification

A

In order to explain how to modify it is important to know how behavioural patterns develop

Allows the identification of triggers

An understanding in which the unwanted behaviour may be being reinforced

Consider the role of inadvertant punishment which may increase frustration and fear

119
Q

What is a conditioned emotional response?

A

Associative learning

Loud noises causing fear paired with a white rat caused a fearful reation from just the white rat in a baby

Behavioral disorders related to negative emotional motivations can develop through a classical conditioning paradigm

Hard to extinguish

120
Q
A
121
Q

How can conditioned emotinoal response be helped with learning theory?

A

Application of techniques such as response substitution play a role in short term managment

Desensitisation and counter conditioning are needed in order to achieve long lasting alterations

Changing perceptions- desensitisation and then counter-conditioning designed to create a positive emotional association

122
Q

What is counter conditioning?

A

Process by which the emotional response to a stimulus is changed

A fear producing stimulus that is inherently negative or been previously associated with an unpleasant situation becomes a signal of pleasant

123
Q

What is required for counter conditioning to be successful?

A

Animal must be in positive emotional state when in the presence of the previously negative stimulus

124
Q

What are the pitfals of counter conditioning?

A

Sometimes owners outcomes do not induce positive emotional emotions- stroking an animal too hard

Look at animals posture, facial expression, ear and tail

125
Q

Why can visual comminication identification of this sometimes be difficult?

A

The degree to which a domestic dogs uses signalling depends on the breed

Certain colourings, features (drooping ears)

126
Q

What is the best overall picture of emotional health and what are the various signs of negative emotional systems?

A

Body posture and movement

Negative (protective)

Pulling away, resisting approach, leaning backwards, extending hindlegs behind, raising hackles

127
Q

What are signs of negative emotional facial signs?

A

Ear position

Pupillary dilation

Facial tension

Turning the head away

Averting gaze

128
Q
A

Year 3 MOD (40 decks)

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