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Year 3 MOD > SA Dentistry: Intro, Dental Radiography, Peridontal Disease > Flashcards

SA Dentistry: Intro, Dental Radiography, Peridontal Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary and permanent dentition of dogs?

A

Primary- 2x [I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/3] = 38

Permanent- 2x [I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/2] = 42

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2
Q

With the triadan teeth naming system where do the 100, 200, 300 and 400 numbers refer to?

A

100s- Upper right

200s- Upper left

300s- Lower right

400s- Lower left

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3
Q

What is the primary and permanent dentition formula for cats?

A

Primary 2x [I 3/3, C 1/1 P 3/2] = 26

Permanent 2x [I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2, M 1/1] = 30

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4
Q

What are the following surfaces of a tooth?:

Rostral

Vesicular/buccal/labial

Linguinal/Palatal

Caudal

A

Rostal- towards the nose

Vesicular/buccal/labial- towards the cheek

Linguinal/Palatal- towards the tongue

Caudal- towards tail

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5
Q

Can you state where the following anatomical terms for a tooth go?:

  • Free gingival margin
  • Enamel x2
  • Peridontal ligament x2
  • Bone x2
  • Attached gingiva x2
  • Muco-gingival ligament
  • Mucous membrane
  • Peridontal ligament fibres
  • Dentine
  • Cementum x2
  • Junctional epithelium
  • Pulp
  • Root dentine
A
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6
Q

What is enamel?

What are its general features?

What happens when it gets damaged?

A

White, smooth outer layer of the crown

No nerve or blood supply, hardest/most mineralized substance in the body, protective of the sensitive tooth structures

When damages it causes plaque retention leading to periodontal disease

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7
Q

What is the function of dentine?

How does it differ to enamel?

Where does it originate?

Can it regenerate?

A

Encloses the pulp cavity

Softer and darker than enamel

Originated from odontoblasts lining the pulp cavity

Capable of some regeneration

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8
Q

What is the pulp?

What are the two different portions?

What is cementum, what is its function?

A

Sensitive tissue- exposure = pain
Sensory nerves, arteries, veins, capillaries and connective tissue

Crown portion- pulp cavity
Root portion- root cavity

Cementum is an avascular bone like material
Covers the root surface and is the attachment point for peridontal ligament

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9
Q

What is the function of the peridontal ligament?

What is the gingiva?
What is the function of the gingiva?

A

Attachment of root cementum to alveolar bone
Allows slight movement and absorbs impact

Epithelial tissues and connective tissue aroud the teeth

Barrier for the external environment
Free ginvgiva, attached gingiva, gingival sulcus

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10
Q

What does the alveolar bone consist of?

A

Perioesteum

Compact bone

Cancellous bone

Cribriform plate

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11
Q

When should deciduous be present in kittens and puppies?

A

At 6 weeks

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12
Q

In dogs what permanent teeth erupt at the following times?:

2-5 months

4-5 months

5-6 months

6 months

6-7 months

A

2-5 months-
Central incisor
Middle incisor

4-5 months-
Corner incisor
First premolar
Fourth premolar

5-6 months-
Canine
First molar

6 months-
Second premolar
Third premolar

6-7 months-
Second molar
Third molar

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13
Q

How long does it take for cats permanent dentition to erupt?

A

Incisors 2-4 months

Canines- 3-5 months

Premolars- 4-5 months

Molars- 5-6 months

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14
Q

Why should you perform dental examinations in juvenile patients and adult patients?

A

Juvenile
Detect anatomical issues which may cause problems without intervention

Adult
High incidence of dentral disease
Owners can dismiss clinical signs and may not be aware of severity
Routine dental examination important part of any consultation or annual booster

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15
Q

What history should be taken in a dental examination?

A

Oral health information

Rule out concurrent diseases

Assess ASA status of patient

Appetite/drinking changes

Viral infections

Previous dental work undertaken

At home dental care routine

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16
Q

In a conscious dental examination what should be examined of the head and oral?

A

Head:
Face symmetry
Palpation of facial bones and muscles
Palpation of LN and salivary glands
Assessment of eye position
Assessment of temporomandibular joint

Oral examination
Signs of periodontal disease: calculus, gingivitis, regression, tooth mobility
Missing teeth
Examination of oral soft tissues: tongue, pharynx, vestibular mucosa
Malocclusion

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17
Q

What is occlusion and what determines it?

What is malocclusion and the two types?

A

Occlusion (the bite)- relationship between beeth in the same jaw and opposing jaw

Determines by the shape of the head, jaw length and position of the teeth- brachycephalic most affected

Malocclusion- abnormalitiy in the position of the teeth
Skeletal malocclusion- jaw length or width decrepency
Dental malocclusion- teeth malposition

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18
Q

What is brachygnathism?

A

Brachy- short
Gnathism- facial angle

The mandible is too short- short mandible vs long maxilla

Over bite- JENNY

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19
Q

What is prognathism?

A

Mandible too long relative to the maxilla

Underbite- undershot

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20
Q

What instruments are needed for a dental examination in an anaesthetised animal?

A

Sharp probe explorer
Periodontal probe
Dental chart: record, medico-legal doc, good to prepare treatment plan

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21
Q

What dental equipment is needed for a scale and polish?

A

Scaling and polising:

Ultrasonic scalers with a fine scaler tip vs hand scalers
Curettes- sub and supragingival scaling
Air driven turbine with disposable prophy cups
Prophy paste pots

Calculus forceps- crack off calculus
Dental explorer probe
Peridontal probe No14- pocket measuring probe

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22
Q

What equipment is needed for tooth extraction?

A

Air turbine handpiece to section teeth

Luxators- thin end (slim fragile), used to cut down peridontal ligament

Elevators- thick shank (fat, strong), used to break down and stretch the peridontal ligament- apical pressure and leverage

Forceps- rotational force

Periosteal elevator- used for open extractoins

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24
Q

How does detnal equipment need to be cared for?

Study These Flashcards
A

Elevators- working blade, honed after every use

Dental machine- hand pieces oiled, autoclave

General care- autoclave, dedicated dental kit

25
What are the different dental x-ray machines available?
Multidirectional generator head- Mobile attached to stand/wall Limitless positions Reduced movement during procedure Hand-held generator Easier to store/set up May see some movement during exposures Can be harder to set angles Care with setting up control zones and operator safety
26
What is direct dental radiography? What are the advantages and disadvantages?
Image sent straight to computer, no processing needed Adv- No need to move sensor between exposures- easier to correct positioning fault Faster- less GA Sensor has longer lifespan Small sensor, easy to move and store Dis- one size- does not fit all well
27
What is indirect dental radiography? What are the advantages and disadvantages?
Digital film that needs to be processed after exposure Advantages- Size flexibility: variety of shapes and films Films thin and easy to place in mouth Disadvantages: Slower: removing the film to be processed Less accurate- harder to correct positioning fault
28
Why are dental radiographs needed?
* Provides more accurate diagnosis * Plan treatment more appropriately * Identify problems below the gum line * Some problems are treated differently on radiographic appearance
29
What is assessed in dental radiography?
Anatomy- abnormal number or shape of roots Extra or missing teeth Pathology- periodontitis, pulp necrosis, dental fractures, tooth resoption, supernumary teeth, unerupted teeth Teeth evaluation- all roots out
30
What are each of the colours refering to in this radiograph?
Blue- mandible Purple- mandibular canal Green- pulp cavity Lower arrow- peridontal space
31
On this radiograph, identify the following anatomical structures: Pulp cavity Root Furcation Crown Nasal cavity Maxillary Peridontal space
32
How does radiographic anatomy differ in a young dog and mature dog?
Pulp stone- incidental finding- normal in young animals Pulp cavity in young dogs larger
33
What is wrong with this radiograph, what is indicated?
Peridontal disease with horizontal bone loss Line of mandible is dropped compared to normal leading to root exposure Extraction of all three teeth
34
What is wrong with the following two radiographs? What is indicated? What does halitosis mean?
Peridontal disease Both show vertical bone loss and root exposure Extraction of top tooth Pocket of lowe tooth needs to be probed and may need extraction Halitosis- bad breath
35
What is resorption? What is type one and two and what treatment do both indicate?
Resorption of the tooth Type 1- Destruction of the tooth with preserved peridontal ligament May see root exposure and/or bone loss- open extraction indicated Type 2- destruction of tooth and periodontal ligament Abscent periodontal space on affected tooth Coronectomy indicated
36
Which one of these radiographs shows type 1/2 resorption?
Left- type 2 Right- type 1
37
What problem is shown in this radiograpy? What is indicated?
Complex fracutre of the crown and caudal root Pulp cavity has been exposed and peridontal space interupted Extraction is required
38
What is an apical lesion?
When the periodontal space around the roots is widened at the root apex Due to bone loss
39
What is pulpitis? When does pulpitis indicate a tooth extraction?
Inflammation- widened, not due to age Extraction is needed when pulpitis with a developing tooth root abscess
40
What is parallel dental radiography and what teeth can it be used for?
'Normal' technique Good for caudal mandibular premolars and molars- 407-411 Patient in lateral with side examining up Sensor parallel to teeth Beam perpendicular to sensor
41
What is the bisecting angle technique for dental radiography? Why can parallel not be performed for all teeth
Sensor at angle to teeth- beam perpendicular to bisecting angle between the tooth root axis and the sensor Allows radiography of teeth where parallel is not possible Parallel?- palate and other hard tissues in the way or opposite tooth would prevent parallel views with sensor outside mouth
42
What are the different bisecting angles and what teeth are they used for?
Occlusal view- maxillary canine, incisors Lateral canine- canine- used in larger dogs
43
Describe how to use the bisecting angle to obtain a mandibular molar and PMs radiograph
* Position patient so region of intrest on top (dorsal recumancy) * Sensor across mouth- rest crown of teeth being imaged on closest edge of sensor
44
Describe how to solve trouble shooting of dental radiographs: 1. Image not fully on plate 2. Area of intrest not within cone 3. Roots elongated 4. Roots compressed
1. Move plate futher into region of intrest 2. Plate and tube need to be repositioned to include region of intrest 3. Angle too shallow- adjust head position 4. Angle too steep- adjust tube head position
45
Identify the following structures
* E= enamel * D= dentine * FG= free gingiva * AG= attached gingiva * MGJ= mucogingival junction * OM= Oral mucosa * AB= alveolar bone * PDL= periodontal ligament * C= Cementum * JE= Junctional epithelium
46
What is periodontitis? What is periodontal disease? What is plaque? How does plaque form?
Plaque- induced inflammation- gingivitis and periodonitis Peridontal disease is an inflammatory and destructive condition affecting the support tissues of the teeth Plaque- biofilm- aggregation of bacteria and debris and inflammatory cells 1. Pellicle- acellular film of salivary glycoproteins/polypeptides and lipids, lay down enamel 2. Forms quickly- bacteria adhere 3. Mineralises, bacteria start to absorb calcium from saliva
47
What is calculus? Where can it be located?
Calculus is mineralised plaque Minerals, calcium from saliva Rough porous surface provides attachment to plaque Location- supra-gingival- crown sub-gingival- gingival sulcus
48
What is gingivitis? What are the stages? What can be done after it occurs?
Inflammation of the soft tissues of the gingiva secondary to plaque accumulation Stages- Marginal gingivitis: free edge by gingiva affected Gingival sulcus colonies by anaerobic bacteria Inflammation- bacterial enzymes endotoxins released and host immune system reacts This is reversible
49
What is periodontitis? What can be done once this occurs? What are the influencing factors?
Inflammation and destruction of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone- attachment loss of the tooth Develops in the sub-gingival pocket extension- periodontal pocket Irreversible! Influencing factors- Breed- brachy, greyhounds- malocculusion Immune status Developmental defects- retention of deciduos teeth Diet- soft food reduced mechanical abrasion
50
Describe the disease process of periodontal disease?
1. Plaque formation 2. Deepening of the sulcus- secondary to the junctional epithelium becoming inflammed 3. Proliferation of the subgingival plaque and increased anaerobin microflora 4. Toxins leads to tissue damage- bacteria and cytotoxins 5. Continued attachment loss- calculus helps plaque to overgrow- increased periodontitis 6. Tooth loss- junctional epithelium seperated from tooch- periodontal pocket- osteoblastic resorption- loss alveolar bone- tooth mobility
51
What are the different stages of periodontal disease?
* Stage 0- Normal healthy * Stage 1- gingivitis, no attachment loss * Stage 2- gingivitis and plaque, upto 25% attachment loss * Stage 3- gingivitis, plaque and calculus- 25-50% attachment loss * Stage 4- Gingivitis, calculus, root exposure, mobile teeth, over 50% attachment loss
52
What are the clinical signs and diagnostic tests for periodontal disease?
Clinical signs * Halitosis * Salivation and blood tinged saliva * Variable amounts of plaque +/- calculus * Inflammed/bleeding ginvgiva * Purulent discharge from periodontal pocket * Loss of gingival contour * Furcation exposure * Tooth mobility * Dysphagia Diganostic tests- Gingivitis index, attachment loss, radiography
53
What is the goal of treatment for periodontal disease? What is done?
Goal- suppress inflammation and stop progression of disease 1. General health assessment- rule out contributing factors 2. Full mouth periodontal probing and charting 3. Formulate treatment plan- owner compliance for postoperative home managment 4. Reduce bacterial load- flush with chlorohexidine- reduce bacteraemia 5. Supragingival scaling- remove of the plaque and calculus 6. Subgingival debridment- removal from pocket 7. Polishing- removes plaque and stains- smooths to stop adherence 8. Sulcular lavage- use air-water syringe gently remove excess of paste 9. Extractions 10. Periodontal surgery- surgical flaps to expose root surfaces
54
What are the options for home managment of periodontal disease?
Tooth brushing- gold standard Brush around the gum line from caudal to rostral Can bleen intitally do not stop Chemical anti-plaque agents- chlorohexidine Owner training
55

Year 3 MOD (42 decks)

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