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Year 3 MOD > Biosecurity > Flashcards

Biosecurity Flashcards

1
Q

What is biosecurity?

A

Measures taken to prevent introduction of spread of infectious disease

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2
Q

What are three ways of managing infectious diseases?

A

Biosecurity- preventing disease entry

Reduce disease challenge

Improve animals resistance

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3
Q

How can disease challenge be reduced?

A

Improving hygiene

Ventilation

Stocking rates

Test and Cull

Drug treatments

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4
Q

How can an animals resistance to a disease be improved?

A

Vaccine

Managment

Breeding

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5
Q

Who is responsbile for biosecurity systems internationally?

A

OIE- world organisation for animal health

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6
Q

What are the OIEs 6 principles?

A

Transparency- disease situation

Scientific information

International Solidarity

Sanitary level- safe guard world trade by publishing health standards and promotiong vet services

Food safety

Animal Welfare

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7
Q

Who decides on notifiable diseases and monitor for emerging diseases?

A

OIE

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8
Q

What must contried inform the OIE about notifiable diseases?

A

First occurance

Reoccurrance

New strain

Change in morbidity/mortality

Change in epidemiology

New emerging diseases

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9
Q

Who are inchargeof biosecurity nationally and what do they do?

A

DEFRA

implement government policy, design legislation, control measures, surveilance, manage outbreaks

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10
Q

How is biosecurity managed at a farm level?

A

By a vet working with the farmer- preventing introduction, targeting specific diseases, tailored to each individual on their herd health, part of plans

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11
Q

What about biosecurity needs to be discussed with the farmer?

A

How diseases are brought in- vets, foot trimmers, shearers, AI, public, vehincels

Risk assessment- which diseases, quanity risk, devise appropriate control measures

Qualitative assessment- based on prevalence, nature, how spreads

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12
Q

What biosecurity measures can farmers potentially input?

A

Quarentine/isolation- any animals brought onto farm isolated

Other species control- vermin control, protect feed stores

Reduce risk of neighboring stock- boundaries

People- disinfect before entering, bucket and brush

Vehicles- limits, keep away from stock, equipment, cleaning

Water supplies- ideally mains, some can spread

Contaminated- salmonella

Manure spreading- other farms

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13
Q

Why are hygiene practices necessary around the farm?

A

Hygiene protocols are necessary to prevent, contain, eliminate and reduce the spread of infectious diseases around the farm environment

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14
Q

What is the most important step towards better hygiene?

A

Cleaning of housing and equipment- thorough cleaning and washing surfaces can remove 90-99% of organisms if done correctly

Reduces the need for disinfectants/antibiotics, improves their efficacy, reduces risk of resistance developing, much cheaper

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15
Q

How can hygiene be improved around the farm?

A

Cleaning and disinfectation plan- most important step

Ventilation- reduces pathogen load, dries environment so less supportive of micro-organisms, regulate thermal environment

Pasture hygiene- reduces pasture pathogen contamination, crop rotations, reseeding, resting pasture, stocking rates

Stocking rates- welfare and disease risk, codes

Equipment- milking parlour, stomach tube etc

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16
Q

What are the 4 different types of biocides?

A

Sanitizers

Antiseptics

Disinfectants

Sterilants

17
Q

How do biocides work?

A

React with proteins, often essential enzymes or microrganisms- actions include oxidaiton, hydrolysis, denaturation or substitution

18
Q

What do the suffix -cide and -static mean?

A
  • cide killing is implied
  • static- means growth is inhibited
19
Q

What is the function of sanitizers?

A

Do not destroy or eliminate all bacteria or microorganisms but reduce the number of microbial contaminations or inanimate surfaces to a level safe for public health

20
Q

What is the function of sterilization?

A

refers to the process, either physical or chemical that destroys all forms of life, especially microorganisms

21
Q

What is a disinfectant?

A

Describes a product applied directly to an inanimate object, it destroys or irreversibly inactivates most pathogenic microorganisms, some viruses, but not usually spores

22
Q

What is an antiseptic?

A

Applied to the surface of living organisms or tissues, to prevent or stop the growth of microorganisms by inhibiting the organism or by destroying them

23
Q

What are detergents?

A

Disperse and remove soil and organic material from surfaces allowing a disinfectant to reach and destroy microbes within or beneath the dirt, these products also reduce surface tension and increase the penetrating ability of water

24
Q

Describe the use of disinfectants, antiseptics and detergents with an example

A

Afternoon Patrick,

Lets say you’re cleaning out a stable?

Lets start with a detergent to remove all organic matter from the surfaces and walls- lovely looks better already

Next cover the surfaces and walls with disinfectants- to kill most pathogens (not spores tho, you’re getting ahead of yourself)

Finally for good measure to get all that bad stuff of your hands whack some antiseptics on their to stop microorganisms

Grand

25
Q

What can be used for physical disinfection?

A

Heat

Light

Radiation

26
Q

How should a disinfectant be selected?

A

Susceptibility of microorganisms

Check concentration

Application method

Contact time

Safety- people and animials

Corrosive

Water hardness

pH

Temp

27
Q

Name all the types chemicals used for disinfectants?

A

Acids- acetic acid
aldehydes- formaldehyde
Oxidising agents- chrlorine, hydrogen peroxide
Phenolics
Quaternary ammonium products
Alcohols

28
Q

What are chemical disinfectants more sensitive against?

A

Gram negative bacteria more susceptible then mycobacterium and spores, lipohpilic enveloped viruses more susceptible then non-enveloped

29
Q

How do aldehydes work as a disinfectant?

A

Dentature proteins, disrupting nucleic acids

Broad spectrum agains bacteria and their spores, fungi and viruses

Carcinogenic- limited use- sometimes in foot baths

30
Q

What are examples of alkali disinfectants, what is their spectrum like?

A

Sodium or ammonium hydroxide, sodium cardbonate, calcium oxide (lime)

Broad spectrum- highly corrosive

31
Q

How do acid disinfectants work and name examples?

A

Acetic and citric

Destroys bonds of nucelic acids, precipitate proteins, changes pH

Caustic and burn tissues

Acids◦ Acetic acid, citric acid
◦ Destroy bonds of nucleic acids, precipitate proteins, change in pH
◦ Caustic and burn tissues

32
Q

Name some alcohol disinfectants and how they work?

A

Ethanol (yeh baby), Isopropanol

Alcohols dentature proteins, damages membranes and lyse cells

Rapid and broad spectrum against vegetative bacteria, viruses and fungi but not sporicidal

33
Q

Name an example of a biguanide disinfectant and how it works and its spectrum?

A

Chlorohexidine

Alter cell membrane permeability,

Broad antibacterial, limited virus, not spores

Inactivated by soap, detergents and organic materal

34
Q

Name some oxidising agent disinfectants, what is their spectrum like?

A

Hydrogen peroxide

Broad spectrum against viruses, yeasts, bacterial spores

Denatures proteins and lipids

35
Q

How do phenols work, describe their spectrum and name examples?

A

Alter cell wall permeability

Broad spectrum- viruses, fungi, bacterial, alter cell wall permeability

Coal tar and synthetic ones

Cause skin irritation, cats are very sensitive

36
Q

How do quaternary ammonium compounds work?

A

Bind to cell membranes and denatures proteins altering permeability

Have variable germicidal activity

37
Q

What does a DEFRA approved disinfectant mean?

A

Undergone product efficacy testing against specific pathogens

Declared on label

All notifiable diseases must use a DEFRA approved disinfectant

38
Q

How can microbial resistance arise against disinfectants?

A

Gram negative more resistant

Can arise from mutation or passed by plasmids

Year 3 MOD (40 decks)

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