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Hygiene Sem 1 > Anat Final The Nervous System > Flashcards

Anat Final The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system coordinates all body systems and includes (5)

A

Sensory receptors
Spinal cord
Brain
Effectors
Nerves

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2
Q

What are the two structural divisions of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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3
Q

CNS consists of

A

Brain
Spinal cord

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4
Q

PNS consists of

A

All nerves outside the CNS
cranial nerves
Spinal nerves

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5
Q

What are the two functional divisions of the PNS

A

Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

Somatic nervous system control and effectors?

A

Voluntary control (by conscious will)
Effectors: skeletal muscle

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7
Q

Autonomic nervous system control and effectors

A

Involuntary
Smooth cardiac muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

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8
Q

Autonomic nervous system 2 categories

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

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9
Q

2 main cell types of nervous system

A

Neurons and Neuroglia

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10
Q

Neurons are the

A

Highly specialized functional cells of the nervous system

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11
Q

What are the 3 parts of neurons

A

Body
Dendrites
Axons

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12
Q

Dendrites carry impulses

A

To cell body
(Function as receptors)

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13
Q

Axons carry impulses

A

Away from cell body
(Delivers impulse to another neuron, muscle or gland

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14
Q

Sensory neurons conduct impulses to?
Afferent or efferent?

A

The spinal cord and brain
Afferent

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15
Q

Motor neurons carry impulses from?
Afferent or efferent?

A

The CNS to muscles and glands
Efferent

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16
Q

Interneurons: impulses are related

A

From place to place in CNS
(Reflexes, balance)

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17
Q

Nerves may contain

A

All sensory fibers, all motor fibers or a combo of both

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18
Q

Most of the cranial nerves and all the spinal nerves are

A

Mixed nerves (contain both sensory and motor)

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19
Q

Function of Neuroglia

A

Convey auxiliary functions for neurons (support, protection, repair, nourishment, waste disposal)

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20
Q

Neuroglia: Schwann cells (PNS) form

A

Myelin sheaths on axons in PNS only

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21
Q

What are the three main types of glial in CNS

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia

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22
Q

Most tumours of the nervous tissue are ____ because?

A

Glial tumours because this tissue continues to multiply throughout life more frequently than neurons

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23
Q

The myelin sheath is a ?
What does it provide

A

Whitish, fatty substance covering some axons
Provides insulation and protection

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24
Q

PNS: myelin sheath =?
AIDS in the regeneration of?

A

Schwann cells
Damaged neurons

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25
Q

CNS: myelin sheath =?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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26
Q

CNS: Myelinated axons make up

A

White matter

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27
Q

CNS: unmyelinated axons make up

A

Gray matter

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28
Q

What are nodes

A

Tiny gaps/small spaces between the individual cells; nerve impulses jump to and from

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29
Q

Nodes speeds the?

A

Conduction of nerve impulses

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30
Q

Disorders of nervous tissue: multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

Characterized by myelin loss in central nerve fibers
(More common in women)

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31
Q

Neuroma

A

General term for nervous system tumours

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32
Q

Disorders of the nervous tissue: multiple neurofibromatosis

A

Numerous benign tumours (genetic)
Affects Schwann cells of skin

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33
Q

Neuron fibers are collected into ___ throughout the system

A

Bundles aka fascicles

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34
Q

Connective tissue layers (nervous system)

A

Endoneurium (around individual fibers)
Perineurium (around each fascicle)
Epineurium (around entire nerve)

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35
Q

Enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons in the PNS

A

Nerve

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36
Q

Bundle of nerve fibers within the CNS

A

Tract

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37
Q

Describe self propagating wave (unmyelinated)

A

action potential (AP) generated at each membrane segment
AP spreads continuously along cells membrane

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38
Q

Describe Saltatory conduction

A

Rapid conduction
Impulse jumped from node to node along a myelinated fiber
Myelin insulates the fiber against current

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39
Q

At resting state the plasma membrane is said to be

A

Polarized
(Negative electric charge; negative membrane potential)

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40
Q

What produces and maintains charge differences between inside and outside of cell using sodium-potassium pumps

A

Active transport

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41
Q

Resting state: Sodium ions are more concentrated where

A

Outside the cell

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42
Q

Resting state: potassium ions are more concentrated where

A

Inside the cell

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43
Q

During rising phase/depolarization (nerve impulse) inward movement of ___ depolarizes the membrane

A

Na (sodium)

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44
Q

During the Repolarization/falling phase what leaves the cell

A

K+ (Potassium)

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45
Q

At the point of Repolarization/falling phase what does not happen? What does this cause?

A

Does not respond to other stimuli
Causes AP to move in one direction from point of stimuli

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46
Q

What is a synapse

A

Junction point for transmitting the nerve impulse from neuron to another cell

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47
Q

What is synaptic cleft

A

Gap between the cells

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48
Q

What is Presynaptic cell

A

Axon of cell transmitting impulse

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49
Q

What is the chemical released from vesicles at end of axon that enables a nerve omits to cross a synaptic cleft

A

Neurotransmitters

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50
Q

What is a Postsynaptic cell

A

Dendrite of another cell receiving impulse and neurotransmitter

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51
Q

Postsynaptic cell binds neurotransmitters via

A

Receptors

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52
Q

What influences how or if the cell will respond to the neurotransmitter

A

Receptors

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53
Q

Examples of neurotransmitters

A

Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Dopamine
Acetylcholine

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54
Q

Some neurotransmitters act to ____ the postsynaptic cell and keep it from ____

A

Inhibit; reacting

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55
Q

May play a role in sleep, motor function, mood, and pleasure recognition

A

Catecholamines

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56
Q

What are natural painkillers; two morphine like neurotransmitters

A

Endorphins and enkephalins

57
Q

The cells response is based on the total effects of ______ it receives at any one time

A

All the neurotransmitters

58
Q

What disease is characterized by low levels of dopamine

A

Parkinson’s

59
Q

What is the pathway of a reflex arc

A

Receptor to sensory neuron to interneuron (CNS) to motor neuron to effector

60
Q

What is a simple reflex

A

Rapid, uncomplicated and automatic response involving only two types of neurons (sensory with motor)

61
Q

What is a stretch reflex

A

Contraction of a stretched muscle after a stimulus

62
Q

What is a spinal reflex

A

Simple reflex that passes through the spinal cord alone
(Does not involve the brain)

63
Q

Knee jerk relfex consists of

A

Simple reflex and stretch reflex

64
Q

The spinal cord links the

A

PNS and the brain

65
Q

End of spinal cord is a fan of nerves called

A

Cauda equina

66
Q

Ascending tract of the spinal cord carries sensory impulses from

A

Spinal cord to brain

67
Q

Descending tract of spinal cord carries motor impulses from

A

Brain to PNS

68
Q

All spinal nerves are ?
* hint contain both sensory and motor fibers

A

Mixed nerves

69
Q

The spinal nerves conduct impulses between

A

The spinal cord and parts of the body not supplied by cranial nerves

70
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves named for the site of which they exit the spinal cord

A

31

71
Q

Some nerve fibers fromm several spinal nerves “braid” together into a single peripheral nerve called a

A

Plexus

72
Q

The three main plexuses of spinal cord are

A

Cervical plexus
Brachial plexus
Lumbosacral plexus

73
Q

Cervical plexus: phrenic nerves supply the

A

Diaphragm

74
Q

What is the largest branch of the Lumbosacral plexus that supplies the thigh, lower leg and feet

A

Sciatic nerve

75
Q

Region of the skin supplied by a single spinal nerve is termed

A

Dermatome

76
Q

Sympathetic nervous system deals with

A

Fight or flight

77
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system deals with

A

Rest and digest
Maintains homeostasis

78
Q

What are the 4 E’s of sympathetic nervous system

A

Emergency, embarrassment, excitement, exercise

79
Q

Parasympathetic: SLUDD stands for

A

Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Digestion
Deification

80
Q

What are the 2 main neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system

A

Cholinergic fibers (release acetylcholine)
Adrenergic fibers (release norepinephrine)

81
Q

What is a neuroblastoma

A

Highly malignant tumour of sympathetic nervous system
Primarily affecting young children

82
Q

Mononeuropathy affects a single nerve. What are some diseases

A

Carpal tunnel syndrome
Sciatica

83
Q

Polyneuropathy affects more than one nerve. An example is Guillain barre syndrome caused by

A

Autoimmune disorders (celiac, lupus)
Tumours
Toxins (alcohol)
Infections (hiv, hep, Lyme disease)

84
Q

Poliomyelitis is a viral disease that is highly contagious what does it affect

A

Motor neurons of spinal cord and brain- paralysis of limbs and possibly respiratory muscles

85
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig disease or ALS)
hint think Steven hawking

A

Motor neurons are destroyed
Progressive degenerative; muscle atrophy and loss of motor control; unable to swallow talk or breath

86
Q

What are the 4 regions of the brain

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brainstem

87
Q

What is the largest part of the brain and is involved in speech, reasoning, memory and personality

A

Cerebrum

88
Q

Diencephalon includes what (2)

A

Hypothalamus and thalamus

89
Q

Cerebellum is the 2nd largest part of the brain; connects the ____, ___, and _____ by means of the pons

A

Cerebrum
Brainstem
Spinal cord

90
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Brainstem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla (medulla oblongata)

91
Q

All 3 parts of the Brainstem are

A

Two way conduction paths

92
Q

Meninges: 3 layers of connective tissue surround and protect the brain and spinal cord

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

93
Q

Dura mater forms

A

Dural sinuses inside the skull

94
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is clear liquid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord. Function?

A

Supports and protects nervous tissue, cushions shocks
Carrie’s nutrients to the cells and transports waste products form the cells

95
Q

Network of cells that produce CSF in each ventricle of the brain

A

Choroid plexus

96
Q

4 lobes of the cerebrum

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

97
Q

Cerebral cortex is composed of ____ matter with many folds to increase ____

A

Grey; surface area

98
Q

Right side of the cerebrum deals with

A

Visual patterns
Spatial awareness

99
Q

Left side of cerebrum deals with

A

Verbal skills

100
Q

What is the corpus callosum

A

Band of white matter
Bridge between right and left hemispheres permitting impulses to cross from one side to the other

101
Q

The cerebrum: the ____ lies between the frontal and parietal lobes of each hemisphere

A

Central sulcus

102
Q

The cerebrum: the ____ separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes in each hemisphere

A

Lateral sulcus

103
Q

Frontal lobe of cerebral cortex contains

A

Motor area- directs movement
2 areas important in speech

104
Q

Parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex contains the

A

Sensory area- impulses from skin (pain and temp) are interpreted.
Memory estimates of size distance and shape

105
Q

Temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex contains the

A

Auditory area
Memory

106
Q

Occipital lobe of cerebral cortex contains the

A

Visual area

107
Q

What is a neuron network of gray matter, located deep within each cerebral hemisphere

A

Basal nuclei

108
Q

Basal nuclei controls

A

Complex patterns of body movement
Secretes dopamine

109
Q

What system is located between the cerebrum and the diencephalon? What does this system help control

A

Limbic system
Helps control emotion and behaviour

110
Q

The hippocampus functions in learning and the formation of

A

Long term memory

111
Q

The reticular formation does what 2 things

A

Governs awareness
Screens out unnecessary sensory input

112
Q

Diencephalon includes what 2 things

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

113
Q

The thalamus sorts out

A

Sensory impulses and directed them to specific areas of the cerebral cortex

114
Q

What 2 functions does the hypothalamus serve

A

Maintains homeostasis
Controls sympathetic and parasympathetic division of the ANS and pituitary gland

115
Q

The midbrain forms the forward part of the brain stem; it acts as a

A

Relay center for certain eye and ear reflexes

116
Q

The pons lie between the midbrain and the medulla in front of the cerebrum; it is responsible for

A

Connecting cerebellum and rest of nervous system
Some reflex actions

117
Q

What are the three vital centres located in the medulla oblongata

A

Respiratory center
Cardiac center
Vasomotor center

118
Q

The cerebellum does NOT

A

Initiate movement

119
Q

The cerebellum is responsible for what 4 functions

A

Maintenance of balance
Maintenance of muscle tone
Move smoothly
Sustain normal posture

120
Q

What is meningitis?
What is the cause of meningitis?
What are the effects of meningitis?

A

Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord coverings (meninges)
Caused by meningococcus bacteria
Effects: headaches, nausea, vomiting, stiff neck

121
Q

What is encephalitis?
What are the symptoms?
What are some causes?

A

Inflammation of the brain
Fever, vomiting, coma
Causes: rabies, HIV, west Nile, polio

122
Q

What is hydrocephalus

A

Abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brain
Can destroy brain tissue
More common in infants

123
Q

What is a brain disorder resulting from unexplained degeneration of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the limbic system

A

Alzheimer’s disease

124
Q

What is Alzheimer’s characterized by

A

Dementia; causes severe intellectual impairment with mood changes and confusion

125
Q

What are some degenerative disease of the brain

A

Dementia
Huntington disease
HIV

126
Q

What is a progressive neurological condition characterized by tremors, rigidity of limbs and joints, slow move to and impaired balance

A

Parkinson’s disease

127
Q

What is affected in Parkinson’s disease

A

The part of the brain that produces the neurotransmitter dopamine
Affects basal network- basal nuclei (basal ganglia)

128
Q

What is epilepsy

A

Chronic disorder resulting in seizures from abnormal electrical activity in the brain

129
Q

Dilantin is a drug used to treat epilepsy; what is its effect on oral cavity

A

Gingival overgrowth

130
Q

Epilepsy can be triggered by

A

Trauma
Fever
Infection

131
Q

What is by far the most common brain disorder

A

Stroke (cerebrovascular accident)

132
Q

What are the causes and risk factors of strokes

A

Causes: blood clot, cerebral hemorrhage or rupture of a blood vessel
Risk factors: diabetes, smoking, high BP, arterial wall damage, excess alcohol consumption

133
Q

Hematoma

A

Localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels within the tissues

134
Q

Hematoma: epidural

A

Bleeding between the dura mater and the skull

135
Q

Hematoma: subdural

A

Blood accumulates in the subdural space

136
Q

Hematoma: intracerebral

A

Bleeding into the brain tissue itself

137
Q

What is cerebral palsy
What does it result in

A

Disorder caused by damage to the motor control areas before or during birth
Results in paralysis (of one or more limbs)

138
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves

A

12

Hygiene Sem 1 (22 decks)

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