Micro W12

Question 1

Innate defences

Answer 1

Always active; 1st and 2nd lines of defence

Question 2

Acquired (adaptive defences)

Answer 2

Must be stimulated to become active; 3rd line of defense

Question 3

Innate host defense barriers include

Answer 3

Physical
Mechanical
Cellular
Antimicrobial chemicals

Question 4

Examples of physical barriers

Answer 4

Unbroken skin
Mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth)

Question 5

Mechanical barriers examples

Answer 5

Movement of cilia
Sticky nature of mucous
Hair in the nose
Coughing, sneezing, shedding of skin cells

Question 6

Examples of antimicrobial chemicals

Answer 6

HCL in stomach
Organic acids on skin
Interferon

Question 7

Cellular barrier examples

Answer 7

Phagocytes (neutrophils/macrophages)

Question 8

Is acquired immunity present at birth

Answer 8

No

Question 9

Antigens are foreign to the ____ and activate the ____

Answer 9

The body
Immune response

Question 10

In acquired immunity the immune system learns how to attack

Answer 10

Antigens and develops memory

Question 11

Lysosome (chemical barrier) is an enzyme produced in

Answer 11

Sweat
Tears
Saliva
(Kills bacteria)

Question 12

Gastric juices (chemical barrier) is

Answer 12

Stomach acids that kills bacteria and toxins

Question 13

Saliva (chemical barrier) dilutes

Answer 13

MO’s and washes oral cavity

Question 14

Phagocytosis

Answer 14

Phagocytes destroy microbes in body tissues

Question 15

Localized response to damage is called

Answer 15

Inflammation

Question 16

Response to infection that inhibits bacterial growth and increases rate of repair

Answer 16

Fever

Question 17

T-lymphocytes (acquired immunity) is a ___ mediated response

Answer 17

Cell mediated response
(Helper T cells and killer T cells)

Question 18

B-lymphocytes (acquired immunity) is a ____ mediated response

Answer 18

Antibody mediated response
(Memory cells)

Question 19

Plasma produces

Answer 19

Antibodies

Question 20

5 main types of white blood cells

Answer 20

Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

Question 21

White blood cells (aka leukocytes) protect against

Answer 21

Infectious disease and foreign invaders

Question 22

These are more common in lymph than in blood, they have the longest lifespan (memory cells) and include B cells and T cells

Answer 22

Lymphocytes

Question 23

B cells attack ____ and where?

Answer 23

Attack invaders OUTSIDE the cells

Question 24

T cells attack

Answer 24

Infected cells

Question 25

B cells divide to produce

Answer 25

Plasma and memory cells

Question 26

Produces antibodies which bind to antigens and eliminate them

Answer 26

Plasma

Question 27

Effectively respond to a second encounter with a pathogen

Answer 27

Memory cells

Question 28

Activate more WBC’s and are driving force in maintaining defense system

Answer 28

Helper T cells

Question 29

Killer/ cytotoxic cells

Answer 29

Track down cells infected with virus

Question 30

Largest wbc?

Answer 30

Monocytes

Question 31

Monocytes turn into what when they leave the bloodstream

Answer 31

Macrophages

Question 32

Most abundant wbc?

Answer 32

Neutrophils

Question 33

Neutrophils (aka PMNs) are the first responders to what kind of infections? They make what

Answer 33

Bacterial and fungal infections Make pus

Question 34

Found mostly in mucous membranes and deal with parasitic infections and allergic reactions

Answer 34

Eosinophils

Question 35

Rarest of the wbc

Answer 35

Basophils

Question 36

Basophils are responsible for what response and release what

Answer 36

Allergic and antigen response Release histamine

Question 37

Process of inflammation

Answer 37

1. Blood supply to site is increased 2. Capillary permeability is increased (neutrophils ¯ophages are present) 3. WBC migrate from the capillaries into the affected tissues

Question 38

To the site of inflammation the earliest cells to arrive are____ followed by

Answer 38

Earliest = neutrophils Followed by monocytes/macrophages, and lymphocytes

Question 39

Artificial immunity involves being

Answer 39

Immunized or vaccinated against a specific disease

Question 40

Activation of the immune system by certain antigens can cause damage to the body; what is an example of this

Answer 40

Pollens- antibody-mediated allergic reaction to the nose and eyes HAY FEVER ASTHMA

Question 41

Allergy to a substance distributed throughout the body may result in a widespread reaction affecting blood stream, lungs, and heart

Answer 41

Anaphylactic shock

Question 42

Cell mediated allergic reaction (Ex nickel, poison ivy, latex gloves)

Answer 42

Contact dermatitis

Question 43

The initial immune response = increased number of

Answer 43

Lymphocytes

Question 44

Once we had an infectious disease we frequently

Answer 44

Will NOT get that disease again

Question 45

In phagocytosis the cell membrane will surround a bacteria to produce a pocket that will eventually close tightly around the bacteria; this pockets is a

Answer 45

Vacuole called the phagosome

Question 46

Lysosomes will merge with the membrane of the phagosomes to produce a combined vacuole called the

Answer 46

Phagolysosome

Question 47

The lysosomal enzymes in the vacuole digest the

Answer 47

Bacterial cell

Question 48

Most of the time macrophages and neutrophils function as low level

Answer 48

Garbage collectors

Question 49

Sharps is a term for

Answer 49

Devices with sharp points or edges that can puncture or cut skin/other tissue

Question 50

Examples of sharps in dental

Answer 50

Injection needle Ortho bands/wire Scalpel blades Burs Suture needles

Question 51

The most serious types of occupational exposure to blood borne pathogens are accidental

Answer 51

Percutaneous (through the skin) injuries involving sharps

Question 52

Sharp injuries are primarily associated with potential for occupational transmission of

Answer 52

Hep B (HBV) Hep C (HCV) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Question 53

Sharp injuries can occur at anytime when handling a sharp item, examples

Answer 53

At chairside During instrument processing At other times

Question 54

Establishing a _____ in the office is one overall strategy suggested by CDC to prevent sharp injury

Answer 54

Safety culture

Question 55

3 basic approaches to prevent sharp injuries

Answer 55

1. Eliminate or limit use of sharps when possible 2. Apply engineering controls (sharps container) 3. Apply workplace controls (ex. One handed scoop)

Question 56

An exposure management protocol must be included in the ipac manual and must include the following

Answer 56

First aid procedures Treatment Documentation Record the date/case number/status of person