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APA1313 - Musculoskeletal Anatomy > anatomical terminology - bone markings, articulations, cartilage, & muscles > Flashcards

anatomical terminology - bone markings, articulations, cartilage, & muscles Flashcards

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1
Q

definition of bone

A

strong connective tissue containing specialized cells;

contains a mineralized matrix of calcium phosphate & calcium carbonate

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2
Q

definition of muscle

A

contractile organs composed of muscle tissue, blood vessels, nerves, connective tissues & lymphatic vessels

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3
Q

definition of ligament

A

dense band of connective tissue fibres that attaches a bone to another bone

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4
Q

definition of tendon

A

a collagenous band that connects a skeletal muscle to a bone

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5
Q

definition of cartilage

A

connective tissue that is more flexible than bone & protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together

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6
Q

definition of a joint

A

an area where adjacent bones interact with one another

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7
Q

what is another name for joint?

A

articulation

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8
Q

definition of a joint capsule

A

a tough sheath or membrane that encloses a synovial joint

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9
Q

definition of a synovial membrane

A

a layer of connective tissue that lines the cavities of joints, tendon sheaths, & bursae;
secretes synovial fluid

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10
Q

definition of synovial fluid

A

secreted by synovial membrane;

used for joint lubrification, shock absorption, provides nutrients & collects metabolic waste

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11
Q

definition of fascia

A

connective tissue fibres composed of collagen that forms bands beneath the skin;
attaches, stabilizes, encloses, & separates muscles & other internal organs

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12
Q

what are the different bone types?

A

long, short, flat, irregular, & sesamoid bones

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13
Q

what are long bones?

A

bones with a length greater than its width;

consists of a shaft & two epiphyses

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14
Q

how are long bones stronger than other bones?

A

they have a curvature that allows for more stresses to be absorbed

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15
Q

what are short bones?

A

bones that approximately have the same length & width

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16
Q

short bones are only found where?

A

in the ankle & wrist

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17
Q

what are flat bones?

A

bones that are broad, flat, & thin in size

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18
Q

what are irregular bones?

A

bones with complex shapes that cannot be categorizes as long, flat or short bones

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19
Q

what are sesamoid bones?

A

round & flat bones that develop in certain tendons as a result of stress;
may not be fully ossified

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20
Q

examples of long bones

A

femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges

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21
Q

examples of short bones

A

carpals & tarsals

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22
Q

examples of flat bones

A

scapula, sternum, cranium, pelvis, ribs

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23
Q

examples of irregular bones

A

vertebrae, sacrum, mandible

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24
Q

examples of sesamoid bone

A

patella

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25
what kinds of bone markings are there?
depressions, openings, & projections
26
types of depression bone markings
facet, fossa, fovea, groove, & notch
27
types of opening bone markings
canal, fissure, foramen
28
types of projection bone markings
condyle, crest, epicondyle, head, line, malleolus, process, protuberance, spine, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity
29
definition of a facet
a flat & smooth articular surface
30
definition of a fossa
shallow depression in a bone (often in an articular surface)
31
definition of a fovea
a small pit
32
definition of a groove
a canal between two bony protuberances; | accommodates blood vessels, nerves or tendons
33
definition of a notch
a depression in a bone that improves stabilization
34
definition of a canal
a passage in a bone
35
what's another name for a canal?
a meatus
36
definition of a fissure
an open slit that houses nerves or blood vessels
37
definition of a foramen?
a round or oval opening in a bone
38
definition of a condyle
a rounded or protruding articular surface
39
definition of a crest
a sharp & elongated bony ridge
40
definition of an epicondyle
a bony protuberance superior to a condyle
41
definition of a head
a prominent rounded surface
42
definition of a line
a small crest
43
definition of a malleolus
a rounded process
44
definition of a process
a bony protuberance
45
what's another name for a process?
an apophyseal
46
definition of a protuberance
an outgrowth from a bone
47
definition of a spine
a sharp protuberance
48
definition of a trochanter
a very large, blunt, irregular-shaped process
49
definition of a tubercle
a small, rounded process
50
definition of a tuberosity
a rough protuberance
51
meaning of abdominal
the abdomen
52
meaning of acromial
the shoulder
53
meaning of antebrachial
the forearm
54
meaning of axillary
the armpit
55
meaning of brachial
the arm
56
meaning of calcaneal
the heel
57
meaning of carpal
the wrist
58
meaning of cephalic
the head
59
meaning of cervical
the neck
60
meaning of coxal
the hip
61
meaning of digital/phalangeal
the fingers or toes
62
meaning of dorsal
the back, back of the hand, top of the foot
63
meaning of facial
the face
64
meaning of femoral
the thigh
65
meaning of fibular
external aspect of the lower leg
66
meaning of frontal
the forehead
67
meaning of gluteal
the buttocks
68
meaning of inguinal
the groin
69
meaning of lumbar
the lower back
70
meaning of mammary
the breast
71
meaning of nasal
the nose
72
meaning of occipital
back of the head
73
meaning of orbital
the eye
74
meaning of oral
the mouth
75
meaning of otic
the ear
76
meaning of palmar
inside of the hand
77
meaning of pectoral
the chest
78
meaning of pelvic
the pelvis
79
meaning of popliteal
back of the knee
80
meaning of plantar
sole of the foot
81
meaning of sacral
the sacrum
82
meaning of scapular
the scapula
83
meaning of sternal
the sternum
84
meaning of sural
the calf
85
meaning of tarsal
the ankle
86
meaning of umbilical
the navel
87
meaning of vertebral
the spine
88
meaning of zygomatic
the cheek
89
definition of smooth muscle
non-striated, involuntary muscles found within the walls of internal organs
90
definition of chondrocytes
mature cartilage cells
91
definition of hyalin cartilage
most abundant, recovers the surface of most joints and allows for flexibility, support, reduces friction & absorbs shock
92
definition of fibrocartilage
strongest & most durable type of cartilage to provide extra stability and support to a joint
93
definition of elastic cartilage
helps to maintain shape by providing strength & elasticity
94
what are the types of cartilage?
hyalin cartilage, fibrocartilage, & elastic cartilage
95
definition of avascular
doesn't receive nutrients from blood supply
96
what are fibrous joints?
joints that allow little to no movement & are stabilized by thick connective tissue
97
definition of a suture
two bones joined by connective tissue found only in the skull & can only be completely an osseous joint
98
definition of syndesmosis
a small gap between the articulating bone with no cartilage
99
definition of gomphosis
a joint between a cone-shaped peg & a socket
100
what are the types of joints?
fibrous, cartilaginous, & synovial joints
101
definition of cartilaginous joints
contains no articular cavity & only allows small amounts of movement
102
definition of synchondrosis
bones linked together by hyalin cartilage
103
definition of symphysis
bones united via a fibrocartilaginous disc
104
definition of synovial joints
joints covered in hyalin cartilage & contains an articular cavity filled with synovial fluid
105
definition of synarthrosis
immovable joints
106
definition of amphiarthrosis
slightly moveable joints
107
definition of diarthrosis
freely moveable joints
108
definition of articular capsule
a sleeve-like structure around a synovial joint composed of a fibrous capsule and synovial membrane
109
definition of tendon sheaths
tube-shaped structures found in the surrounding of tendons most at risk of friction & are susceptible to traumatic and chronic injuries
110
what is tenosynovitis?
an injury to a tendon sheath
111
what are the types of synovial joints?
planar, hinge, ball-&-socket, pivot, condyloid, & saddle joints
112
definition of planar joints
allows gliding movements in one plane & don't allow for angular motion
113
definition of hinge joints
allows movement around one axis of rotation, flexion, & extension
114
definition of pivot joints
allows for rotation along their longitudinal axis & are uniaxial
115
definition of condyloid joints
convex oval-shaped bony projection articulates with an oval-shaped depression or another bone & are biaxial
116
definition of saddle joints
a modified condyloid joint with a greater degree of freedom
117
definition of ball & socket joints
allows for movement in all planes & axes of movement
118
definition of a syssacose
a fake joint consisting of a gliding space between a bone & muscle or two muscles
119
what are the types of muscles?
smooth, cardiac, & skeletal
120
definition of cardiac muscle
striated & involuntary muscles found in the heart
121
definition of skeletal muscles
striated & voluntary muscle responsible for maintaining posture, balance, & stability; participates in thermoregulation
122
definition of electrical excitability
ability to respond to an action potential
123
definition of contractility
ability to forcefully contract when stimulated by an action potential
124
definition of extensibility
ability to be stretched without damage
125
definition of elasticity
ability to recover back to initial length after being contracted or stretched
126
types of fascia
superficial & deep fascia
127
definition of superficial fascia
connective tissue separating muscle from skin or fat
128
definition of deep fascia
layer of connective tissue that covers a group of muscles with similar functions
129
definition of epimysium
superficial layer of connective tissue used to recover an individual muscle
130
definition of perimysium
muscle composed of a bundle of muscle fibres & separated bundles from one another
131
definition of endomysium
deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers
132
how many bones are in the adult human body?
206 bones
133
what are the two types of skeleton in the human body?
the axial & appendicular skeletons
134
how many bones are in the axial & appendicular skeleton?
axial: 80 bones appendicular: 126 bones
135
what regions of the body make up the axial skeleton?
the head, neck, & trunk
136
what regions of the body make up the appendicular skeleton?
the upper & lower limbs/extremities
137
what are the 3 characteristics used to name muscles?
1. muscle appearance 2. muscle location 3. muscle function/action
138
definition of prime movers/agonist muscles
main muscles responsible for producing a specific movement of the body
139
definition of antagonist muscles
muscles opposing the action fo prime movers
140
definition of synergists
muscles aiding the action of a prime mover
141
definition of origin
proximal end of the muscle that remains fixed during muscular contraction
142
definition of insertion
distal end of the muscle that is moveable
143
what does the term "chondral" mean?
cartilage

APA1313 - Musculoskeletal Anatomy (13 decks)

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