axial skeleton - the spine & ribs Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
what does the superior articular facet of C1 articulate with?
A
the occipital bone
2
Q
what does the inferior articular facet articulate with?
A
articulates with C2
3
Q
function of the inferior articular facet in C1
A
allows for majority of movement in the cervical region
4
Q
what are the bones in the cervical region?
A
C1-C7
5
Q
what are the bones in the thoracic vertebrae?
A
T1-T12
6
Q
what is another name for the thoracic vertebrae?
A
dorsal region
7
Q
what are the bones in the lumbar vertebrae?
A
L1-L5
8
Q
what are the bones in the sacral vertebrae?
A
S1-S5
9
Q
what does the sacral vertebrae form?
A
five sacral vertebrae fuse to form the sacrum
10
Q
what shape is the sacrum?
A
triangular-shaped
11
Q
what is the coccyx?
A
four vertebrae inferior to the sacrum that are fused together to form the tailbone
12
Q
what is lordosis?
A
posterior concave curvature of the spine
13
Q
what is kyphosis?
A
anterior concave curvature of the spine
14
Q
which parts of the spine are lordosis?
A
thoracic & sacral vertebrae
15
Q
which parts of the spine are kyphosis?
A
cervical & lumbar vertebrae
16
Q
what is the purpose of correct posture of the spine?
A
it minimizes & prevents injury on the joints
17
Q
what is the invertebral foramen?
A
a hole in the spine where stuff travels through;
inferior to the pedicule
18
Q
what is the atlas (C1)?
A
the most superior vertebra in the cervical vertebrae;
contains no vertebral body or spinous process
19
Q
what is another name for the C1 vertebrae?
A
the atlas
20
Q
what is another name for the C2 vertebrae?
A
the axis
21
Q
what does the superior articular facet articulate with in the C1?
A
the occipital bone
22
Q
what is the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae contain?
A
contains foramina
23
Q
what are the dens/odontoid process?
A
a projection of an anterior body found in C2
24
Q
what does the dens/odontoid process articulate with?
A
atlas (C1)
25
what is a common feature of all cervical vertebrae?
the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae
26
what is the shape of the vertebral body in the cervical vertebrae?
small & wide
27
describe the spinous process in the cervical vertebrae
short, forked, & projects directly posteriorly
28
describe the vertebral foramen in the cervical vertebrae
triangular shaped
29
what are the movements of the cervical vertebrae?
flexion/extension;
lateral flexion;
rotation
30
describe the vertebral body in the thoracic vertebrae
heart-shaped;
| superior & inferior costal facets located near pedicle
31
describe the spinous processes in the thoracic vertebrae
long, sharp, & projects inferiorly
32
describe the vertebral foramen in the thoracic vertebrae
circular-shaped
33
describe the transverse processes in the thoracic vertebrae
costal facets for rib tubercle on anterior surfaces
34
which thoracic vertebrae are the transverse processes NOT found?
T11 & T12
35
where do the superior facets of the thoracic vertebrae face?
directed posteriorly
36
what are the movements of the thoracic vertebrae?
rotation;
some lateral flexion;
limited flexion/extension
37
describe the vertebral body in the lumbar vertebrae
massive & kidney-shaped
38
describe the spinous processes in the lumbar vertebrae
short, blunt, & rectangular;
| projects directly posteriorly
39
describe the vertebral foramen in the lumbar vertebrae
triangular-shaped
40
describe the transverse processes in the lumbar vertebrae
thin & tapered with facets found
41
where do the superior facets of the lumbar vertebrae face?
directed posteromedially
42
what are the movements of the lumbar vertebrae?
flexion/extension;
| some lateral flexion
43
which cervical vertebrae are considered to be atypical?
C1 & C2
44
which cervical vertebrae are considered to be normal?
C3-C7
45
what are characteristics of the cervical vertebrae?
mobility;
requires dynamic stability;
supports the head; prone to chronic condition due to posture
46
what are true ribs?
ribs 1-7;
| attaches directly to the sternum
47
what are false ribs?
ribs 8-12;
| attaches indirectly to the sternum
48
what are floating ribs?
ribs 11 & 12;
| does not attach to sternum
49
how do false ribs attach indirectly?
attaches onto costal cartilage of true ribs which are attached to the sternum
50
what do the ribs protect?
heart & lungs
51
how many ribs are there?
12 ribs
52
what do the ribs attach onto?
sternum & thoracic vertebrae
53
which muscles do the ribs serve as attachment sites for?
neck & head muscles
54
what are the three parts of the sternum?
1. manubrium
2. sternal body
3. xiphoid process
55
what is the manubrium?
most superior aspect of sternum;
| serves as attachment site for ribs 1&2
56
what is the sternal body?
middle aspect of the sternum;
consists of 4 smaller bones fused together;
attachment site for ribs 2-7
57
what is the xiphoid process?
most inferior aspect of the sternum;
| doesn't fully ossify until about age 40
58
what is the costal groove in the ribs?
location for intercostal nerves & vessels;
| found on inferior side of rib
59
what is the angle of the rib?
a sharp curvature that provides elasticity
60
what is unique about the 1st rib?
it's atypically shaped
61
what part of the rib attaches onto corresponding thoracic vertebral column?
head, neck, & tubercle of the rib
62
what is the sacral promonotory?
the area where the 1st sacral vertebrae bulges into pelvic cavity
63
what are the transverse ridges?
site of vertebral fusion
64
what is the apex?
inferior tip of the sacrum
65
what is the sacral ala?
superolateral aspect of sacrum;
| projects laterally to form auricular surface
66
what is the sacral hiatus?
an inferior opening of the sacral canal
67
what is the auricular surface?
articulates with pelvic bone to form sacral iliac joint
68
what is the median sacral crest?
the fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae
69
what is the lateral sacral crest?
fused transverse processes
70
what is the sacral canal?
extension of the vertebral canal
71
what is the spinous tubercle?
swelling of bone at the tip of the process
72
what is the superior articular process?
articulates with inferior articular process of L5 vertebra & disc
73
which disc is the most commonly injured in the lower back?
disc L5-S1
74
which joint is responsible for major back pain?
sacral iliac joint
75
what is the typical intervertebral junction
contains transverse & spinous processes, apophyseal joint, & interbody joint
76
purpose of the transverse & spinous processes in intervertebral junction
serve as levers for muscles & ligaments & its attachments in intervertebral junction
77
what is another name for the apophyseal joint?
facet joint
78
what is the apophyseal joint composed of?
two articulating facets;
capsule;
synovial membrane
79
function of the apophyseal joint
dictates direction & range of motion in the spine
80
how many pairs of the apophyseal joint are found in the spine?
24 pairs
81
describe flexion/extension in the spine
forward and backward bending;
| occurs in sagittal plane & medial-lateral axis
82
describe lateral flexion of the spine
side bending movement to the right or left;
| occurs in frontal plane & anterior-posterior axis
83
describe axial rotation of the spine
rotation or torsion of the spine;
| occurs in the horizontal plane & vertical axis
84
what is the interbody joint?
a symphysis joint that connects a disc to two vertebral bodies
85
purpose of the interbody joint
absorbs & distributes loads across segments
86
what is the interbody joint a great source for?
adhesion & stability between segments
87
what are vertebral endplates?
thin layers of cartilage that cover the inferior & superior aspects of the vertebral body
88
what do vertebral endplates help with?
nutrition for the disc
89
what are vetebral endplates vulnerable to?
degeneration
90
what is the intervertebral disc?
contributes to even load distribution across the vertebrae;
| composed of a nucleus pulposus & annulus fibrosis
91
what is the nucleus pulposus?
inner gelatinous nucleus that gives the disc its elasticity & compressibility
92
what is the annulus fibrosis?
15-20 layers of collagen that keeps the nucleus in place;
| avoids an herniated disc
93
what is a herniated disc?
protrusion of nucleus pulposus in intervertebral disc into the vertebral canal or a protrusion that pinches into spinal nerve root as its trying to leave the canal
94
what are structures that limit motion in the intervertebral joints?
disc size;
strength & location of ligaments & muscles;
presence of rib cage;
geometry of vertebrae
95
purpose of the ligaments of the spine
limits excessive motion;
maintains natural spin curvature;
protects spinal cord
96
purpose of the anterior & posterior longitudinal ligaments
helps stabilize disc & limits its movements
97
where are the anterior & posterior longitudinal ligaments located?
anterior: in front of vertebral body
posterior: behind vertebral body
98
purpose of small intervertebral ligaments
helps support discs
99
what spinal movements can lead to cervical vertebrae injury?
protraction/retraction
100
which spinal region is the most stable
thoracic vertebrae
101
how is the thoracic region so stable?
limited range of motion in individual facet joints;
| rib cage restricting motion
102
where is the atlanto-occipital joint located?
between the cranium and atlas (C1)
103
what kind of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?
condyloid synovial joint
104
movements allowed by atlanto-occipital joint
flexion/extension;
limited lateral bending;
independent motion for the skull from the rest of the spine
105
describe the articulation of the atlanto-occipital joint
articulation of the convex condyle of occipital bone onto concave superior articular facet of C1
106
what are the 2 components of the atlanto-axial joint?
1. a medial joint
| 2. facet joints
107
what is the medial joint in the atlanto-axial joint composed of?
dens/odontoid process;
articular facet;
transverse ligament
108
what is the purpose of the medial joint in the atlanto-axial joint?
main stabilizer
109
what can damage from the transverse ligament lead to?
spinal cord damage
110
where are the facet joints in the atlanto-axial joint located?
between inferior articular facet of C1 & superior articular facet of C2
111
how much spinal rotation occurs from facet joints in atlanto-occipital joint?
50%
112
what type of joint is the atlanto-axial joint?
pivot synovial joint
113
purpose of the alar ligament
restricts rotation & stabilizes head-neck complex
114
what are characteristics of uncovertebral joints?
don't help or limit motion;
| susceptible to degeneration
115
how are uncovertebral joints susceptible to degeneration?
from bone spurs forming that limit motion
116
what is spondylosus?
degeneration of structures that limit L5 vertebrae from slipping forward
117
what is spindylolisthesis?
when the L5 vertebrae has already begun to slip forward
118
what does the L5-S1 joint prevent?
prevents the L5 vertebrae from slipping forward by facets oriented in a specific manner
