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CNS Anatomy > Anatomy 15 > Flashcards

Anatomy 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens during the 3rd week of development of the neural tube?

A

An ectodermal thickening appears in the middle of the trilaminar germ disc known as the neural plate.

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2
Q

What happens to the neural plate during the development of the neural tube?

A

It invaginates to form a neural groove

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3
Q

What happens to the neural groove during the development of the neural tube?

A

The lips of the neural groove approach each other and fuse together transforming the groove into a neural tube with anterior & posterior neuropores.

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4
Q

What happens to neuropores during the development of the neural tube?

A

They are obliterated, transforming the neural tube into a closed tube.

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5
Q

On what day is the anterior neuropore obliterated?

A

Day 25

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6
Q

On what day is the posterior neuropore obliterated?

A

Day 27

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7
Q

What is the matrix?

A

A one cell layer epithelium lining of the neural tube

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8
Q

What is the ventricular zone?

A

The matrix

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9
Q

Where does the matrix extend to?

A

From the cavity of the tube to the exterior

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10
Q

What does the repeated division of the matrix cells result in?

A

An increase in length and diameter of the neural tube

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11
Q

Where do the matrix cells migrate to?

A

Peripherally to form the intermediate zone (grey matter)

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12
Q

What is the marginal zone (myelinated white matter)?

A

A layer external to the intermediate zone

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13
Q

What forms the marginal zone (myelinated white matter)?

A

Neuroblasts that give rise to nerve fibers that grow peripherally

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14
Q

Neuroblasts also give rise to:

A

1) Astrocytes

2) Oligodendrocytes

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15
Q

Microglia is derived from:

A

Surrounding mesenchyme

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16
Q

The cells in the lateral wall of the neural tube proliferate and are differentiated into 3 layers:

A

1) Inner ependymal Layer
2) Middle Mantle Layer
3) Outer Marginal Layer

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17
Q

What does the inner ependymal layer do?

A

Forms the ependymal lining of the central canal and ventricles

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18
Q

What does the Middle Mantle Layer do?

A

It’s a cellular layer which forms the grey matter of the spinal cord

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19
Q

What does the Outer Marginal Layer do?

A

Forms the white matter of the spinal cord.

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20
Q

What are the thick lateral walls connected together by?

A

Thin roof plate (dorsal) and floor plate (ventral)

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21
Q

A groove (sulcus limitans) appears in the lateral wall dividing it into:

A

1) Dorsal part (Alar Plate)

2) Ventral part (basal plate)

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22
Q

What does the Alar plate (Dorsal) do?

A

Expands to form the dorsal (sensory) horn.

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23
Q

What does the Basal plate (Ventral) do?

A

Expands to form the ventral (motor) horn.

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24
Q

What happens to the cavity of the neural tube?

A

It remains narrow and forms the central canal of the spinal cord.

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25
Q

The pia, arachnoid and dura maters are formed from the:

A

Mesenchyme (sclerotome) that surrounds the neural tube.

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26
Q

How does the subarachnoid space develop?

A

As a cavity in the mesenchyme, which becomes filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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27
Q

During the first 2 months of intrauterine life, __.

A

The spinal cord is the same length as the vertebral column.

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28
Q

Where does the coccygeal end of the cord lie at birth?

A

At the level of the third lumbar vertebra

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29
Q

Where does the coccygeal end of the cord lie in adults?

A

At the level of the lower border of the body of the first lumbar vertebra.

30
Q

Which nerves form cauda equina?

A

The oblique spinal nerves below L1

31
Q

What is Spina bifida occulta?

A

Absent vertebral arch with normal spinal cord. Usually covered with hairy skin.

32
Q

Which area does Spina bifida occulta affect?

A

The lumbosacral area

33
Q

What is Spina bifida cystica (Meningocele)?

A

The meninges herniate through the spina bifida to form subcutaneous sacs filled with CSF.

34
Q

What is Spina bifida cystica (Meningomyelocele)?

A

The spinal cord herniates through the meningocele

35
Q

What is Spina bifida cystica (Myelocele (Rachischisis))?

A

Failure of obliteration of the neural tube

36
Q

The cranial part of the neural tube forms 3 brain vesicles:

A

1) Forebrain vesicle(Prosencephalon)
2) Midbrain vesicle (Mesencephalon)
3) Hindbrain vesicle (Rhombencephalon)

37
Q

What does the Forebrain vesicle (Prosencephalon) form?

A

1) 2 lateral evaginations which develop to form the 2 cerebral hemispheres (their cavities form the lateral ventricles)
2) The median part develops to form the diencephalon (its cavity forms the 3rd ventricle)

38
Q

What does the Midbrain vesicle (Mesencephalon) form?

A 
The midbrain (its cavity
forms the cerebral aqueduct)
39
Q

What does the Hindbrain vesicle (Rhombencephalon) form?

A

1) Pons
2) Medulla
3) Cerebellum
(Its cavity forms the 4th ventricle.)

40
Q

The medulla will have an alar plate & a basal plate separated by a ___ and connected by:

A

Sulcus limitans ;a thin roof plate and a floor plate.

41
Q

What happens to the lateral walls during the development of the medulla oblongata?

A

They move away from each other stretching the roof plate and enlarging its cavity which forms the 4th ventricle.

42
Q

What does the alar plate form?

A

The sensory nuclei of the medulla

43
Q

What does the basal plate form?

A

The motor nuclei of the medulla

44
Q

What happens between the 4th and 5th months during the development of the medulla oblongata?

A

Local resorptions of the roof plate occur, forming lateral foramina of Luschka, and a median foramen of Magendie

45
Q

What differs from the development of the medulla and the development of the pons & cerebellum?

A

The alar plates bend medially to form 2 rhombic lips.

46
Q

What do the rhombic lips do during the development of the pons & cerebellum?

A

The rhombic lips approach each other & fuse together forming a cerebellar plate.

47
Q

What does the cerebellar plate differentiate into?

A

1) A median part which forms the vermis

2) 2 lateral masses which form the cerebellar hemispheres.

48
Q

The cavity of the pons & cerebellum forms:

A

Part of the 4th ventricle

49
Q

What differs from the development of the medulla and the development of the midbrain?

A

1) The alar plates develop to form the tectum which is divided by vertical & transverse grooves into 4 colliculi.
2) The basal plate forms the motor nuclei in the tegmentum of midbrain

50
Q

What happens to the marginal layer of the basal plate during the development of the midbrain?

A

It enlarges greatly to form the crus cerebri.

51
Q

What happens to the cavity of the midbrain?

A

It remains narrow and forms the cerebral aqueduct.

52
Q

What does the development of the diencephalon consist of?

A

2 lateral walls connected by a roof plate and a floor plate

53
Q

Which cavity is in the diencephalon?

A

The 3rd ventricle

54
Q

What does the anterior part of the roof plate in the diencephalon develop into?

A

The choroid plexus of the 3rd ventricle

55
Q

What does the posterior part of the roof plate in the diencephalon develop into?

A

The pineal body

56
Q

What appears in the lateral wall during the development of the diencephalon?

A

A hypothalamic sulcus, which separates the thalamus above from the hypothalamus below

57
Q

What does the floor plate of the diencephalon form?

A

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

58
Q

The 2 cerebral hemispheres arise as:

A

2 evaginations from the lateral wall of the

forebrain.

59
Q

Each cavity of the cerebral hemisphere expands to form the:

A

Lateral ventricle

60
Q

The wall of the hemisphere consists of 3 layers:

A

1) Ependymal
2) Mantle
3) Marginal

61
Q

What does the mantle layer at the base of the cerebral hemisphere form?

A

The basal ganglia

62
Q

The hemispheres enlarge and overlap:

A

1) The brain stem

2) The cerebellum

63
Q

What are the 2 types of hydrocephalus?

A

1) Internal hydrocephalus

2) External hydrocephalus

64
Q

What is internal hydrocephalus?

A

Excessive accumulation of CSF within the ventricles of the brain.

65
Q

What is external hydrocephalus?

A

Excessive accumulation of the CSF between the brain and arachnoid mater.

66
Q

What is Exencephaly due to?

A

Failure of closure of anterior neuropore

67
Q

What is Exencephaly?

A

The vault of the skull is absent and the brain is exposed.

68
Q

What is Anencephaly?

A

When the brain is degenerated

69
Q

What is Menigocele?

A

The meninges herniated through a deficient part of the skull.

70
Q

What is Meningoencephalocele?

A

Part of the brain herniated through the meningocele

71
Q

What is Meningo-hydro-enecephalocele?

A

Part of the ventricle is found within the brain tissue which herniated through the meningocele.

72
Q

What is Holoprosencephaly?

A

Results from degeneration of midline structures leading to fusion of lateral ventricles, orbital & nasal cavities.

CNS Anatomy (19 decks)

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