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CNS Anatomy > Sheet 1 > Flashcards

Sheet 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic functions of the nervous system?

A

1) Sensation (input)
2) Integration (CPU)
3) Reaction (Motor output)

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2
Q

What is the sensation function of the nervous system?

A

Receptors monitor changes/events occurring inside and outside of the body (stimuli).

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3
Q

Stimuli is mainly what type of energy?

A

Physical energy

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4
Q

What are two examples of changes in the internal environment?

A

1) Blood pressure

2) Concentration of certain gases in the blood

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5
Q

What are two examples of changes in the external environment?

A

1) Vision (light)

2) Hearing

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6
Q

What is the integration (CPU) function of the nervous system?

A

The parallel processing and interpretation of sensory information to determine the appropriate response.

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7
Q

Where does integration happened?

A

In the CNS

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8
Q

What is the reaction (motor output) function of the nervous system?

A

When the signal moves from the CNS to the periphery, activating muscles to contract and activating glands to secrete (through neurotransmitters).

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9
Q

What are the four basic types of tissues in our body?

A

1) Connective tissue
2) Epithelial tissue
3) Muscle tissue
4) Nervous tissue

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10
Q

Nervous tissue is _____ (acellular/highly cellular).

A

Highly cellular.

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11
Q

What are the two cell types in nervous tissues?

A

1) Neurons

2) Neuroglia

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12
Q

What are neurons?

A

The functional unit in the CNS.

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13
Q

What are neurons responsible for?

A

Signal transduction

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14
Q

Neurons are ______(short-lived/long-lived) and _____(don’t/do) undergo mitosis (cell division).

A

Long-lived; don’t

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15
Q

Neurons have:

a) Low metabolic activity
b) High metabolic activity
c) No metabolic activity
d) Depends on the situation

A

B) High metabolic activity

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16
Q

Neurons are ______(not electrically excitable/electrically excitable).

A

Electrically excitable.

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17
Q

What does electrically excitable mean?

A

Action potential occurs

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18
Q

Neurodegenerative diseases occur as a result of what?

A

The neurons’ inability to regenerate.

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19
Q

What is the function of neuroglia?

A

Support, nourish, and protect neurons.

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20
Q

Neuroglia _____ (do/don’t) undergo mitosis (division).

A

Do.

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21
Q

Which type of cell in the nervous tissue is small but outnumbers the other cell by 5 to 50 times?

A

Neuroglia

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22
Q

What are the 6 types of neuroglial supporting cells?

A

1) Oligodendrocytes
2) Astrocytes (star-shaped cells)
3) Ependymal cells
4) Microglial cells
5) Schwann cells
6) Stellate cells

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23
Q

Which 4 neuroglial supporting cells are found in the CNS (central nervous system?

A

1) Oligodendrocytes
2) Astrocytes (star-shaped cells)
3) Ependymal cells
4) Microglial cells

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24
Q

Which 2 neuroglial supporting cells are found in the PNS (peripheral nervous system)?

A

1) Schwann cells

2) Stellate cells

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25
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Formation of myelin in the myelin sheath, which increases the velocity of action potentials in neurons.

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26
Q

What is the function of astrocytes (star-shaped cells)?

A

1) Aid in the formation of the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB).

2) Act as a buffer (get rid of excess neurotransmitters).

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27
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

They line the ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord.

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28
Q

What are the ventricles?

A

Hollow spaces in the brain where the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) passes through.

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29
Q

How many ventricles do we have in the brain? Where are they located?

A

4; 1st and 2nd lateral, 3rd in the midline, and 4th behind the brain.

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30
Q

What is the function of microglial cells?

A

They have phagocytic activity (they are originally monocytes).

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31
Q

What is the function of schwann cells?

A

Form myelin in the PNS

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32
Q

What is the function of stellate cells?

A

Support neurons outside the CNS

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33
Q

What are the 3 functional classifications of neurons?

A

1) Sensory neurons: Carry signals from peripheral (dorsal/posterior root) to CNS.
2) Interneuron (association neuron): Within the CNS.
3) Motor neuron: Its cell body is found within the spinal cord itself. Carries signals from CNS to peripheral through the ventral/anterior root.

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34
Q

Which nerve is a mixed neuron (sensory and motor)?

A

Median nerve

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35
Q

What is white matter?

A

Aggregations of myelinated and unmyelinated axons of many neurons.

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36
Q

Does white matter contains neuronal cell bodies?

A

No it does not.

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37
Q

What does gray matter contain?

A

1) MAINLY neuronal cell bodies
2) Dendrites
3) Unmyelinated axons
4) Axon terminals
5) Neuroglia

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38
Q

What causes the difference in color between gray and white matter?

A

The whiteness comes from the myelin in the white matter; gray matter contains relatively few myelinated axons.

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39
Q

What are the parts of a neuron

A

1) Cell body
2) Axons
3) Dendrites

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40
Q

What are nerves?

A

Bundles of processes (axons and/or dendrites) in the PNS.

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41
Q

Give an example of a nerve which contains only axons.

A

Median nerve

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42
Q

Nerves are usually surrounded by what type of tissue?

A

Connective tissue

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43
Q

What are tracts?

A

Bundles of processes in the CNS. (No connective tissue)

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44
Q

What are the two types of tracts?

A

1) Ascending (Sensory) tracts: From body -> spinal cord -> brain
2) Descending (motor) tracts: From brain -> spinal cord -> body

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45
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Cluster of nerve cell bodies in PNS.

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46
Q

Give 4 examples of ganglions.

A

1) Dorsal root ganglia
2) Spinal ganglia
3) Trigeminal ganglia
4) Sympathetic chain

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47
Q

Ganglion cells are supported by:

A

Satellite cells

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48
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

Cluster of nerve cell bodies in CNS surrounded by white matter

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49
Q

What is a cluster of nerve cell bodies in the CNS not surrounded by white matter?

A

Cortex

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50
Q

 The gray matter is found on the ____(inside/outside) of the brain, while the white matter is found on the ____ (inside/outside) of the brain.

A

Outside (called the cortex); inside

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51
Q

The gray matter is found on the ____(inside/outside) of the spinal cord, while the white matter is found on the ____ (inside/outside) of the spinal cord.

A

Inside; outside

52
Q

Within each nerve, each axon is surrounded by ____.

A

An endoneurium

53
Q

Groups of fibers are bound together into bundles (fascicles) by ___.

A

A perineurium

54
Q

All the fascicles of a nerve are enclosed by ___.

A

An epineurium

55
Q

What does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of?

A

1) Brain

2) Spinal cord

56
Q

Where is the brain found?

A

Inside the cranial cavity

57
Q

Where is the spinal cord found?

A

Inside the vertebral canal

58
Q

The central nervous system is the center of ___.

A

Integration and control.

59
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consist of?

A

1) 31 Spinal nerves (carry information to and from the spinal cord and plexuses)
2) 12 Cranial nerves (carry information to and from the brain)

60
Q

How are the spinal nerves spread out?

A 
8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1 Coccygeal
61
Q

Name the cranial nerves.

A

1) Olfactory
2) Optic
3) Oculomotor
4) Trochlear
5) Trigeminal
6) Abducent
7) Facial
8) Vestibulocochlear
9) Glossopharyngeal
10) Vagus
11) Accessory
12) Hypoglossal

62
Q

What are the brain divisions at the embryonic level?

A

1) Forebrain (Prosencephalon)

2) Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
3) Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)

63
Q

What is the forebrain (prosencephalon) divided into?

A

1) Cerebrum (telecephalon)

2) Diencephalon

64
Q

What does the Cerebrum (telecephalon) include?

A

The outer part (Cortex and subcortical white matter)

65
Q

What does the diencephalon include?

A

1) Thalamus
2) Hypothalamus
3) Epithalamus
4) Subthalamus

66
Q

What does the hindbrain (Rhombencephalon) include?

A

1) Pons
2) Medulla oblongata
3) Cerebellum

67
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle of the brain located?

A

Between the cerebellum and the brain stem (it is the cavity of the hindbrain).

68
Q

The brain can also be divided into:

A

1) Cerebrum
2) Cerebellum
3) Brainstem
(Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata)

69
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system responsible for?

A

Communication between the CNS and the rest of the body.

70
Q

The peripheral nervous system can be divided into:

A

1) Sensory division (afferent)

2) Motor division (efferent)

71
Q

What does the sensory division (afferent) of the peripheral nervous system do?

A

Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS and informs the CNS of the state that the body is in, both interiorly and exteriorly. {from special senses (all except taste)}

72
Q

The sensory nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system can be:

A

1) Somatic (from skin, skeletal muscles, or joints): felt at a conscious level
2) Visceral (from within organs or body cavities)

73
Q

What does the motor division (efferent) of the peripheral nervous system do?

A

Conducts impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles to contract or glands to secrete): voluntary

74
Q

What kind of fibers does the motor division (efferent) of the peripheral nervous system have?

A

Motor nerve fibers.

75
Q

What is the difference between sensory neurons in the somatic nervous system vs the autonomic nervous system?

A

Somatic: Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS and informs the CNS of the state that the body is in, both interiorly and exteriorly. {from special senses (all except taste)}

Autonomic: Conducts information to the CNS from autonomic sensory receptors located primarily in the visceral organs (smooth muscle organs in the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis).

76
Q

What is the difference between motor neurons in the somatic nervous system vs the autonomic nervous system?

A

Somatic: Conducts impulses from CNS to voluntary skeletal muscles.

Autonomic: Conducts impulses from the CNS to involuntary smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands.

77
Q

Give an example for which function sensory autonomic neurons are responsible for.

A

Detection of blood pressure (baroreceptors)

78
Q

Are signals transmitted through a single neuron?

A

No, we need several neurons to move the signal along.

79
Q

What is the First Order Neuron?

A

The neuron that transmits the signal from the periphery to the spinal cord (CNS).

80
Q

What is the First Order Neuron path that a sensory stimulus would take?

A

Receptor -> (Cell body) Dorsal root ganglia -> axon -> synpase in the spinal cord (dorsal horn)

81
Q

What is the Second Order Neuron?

A

(Cell body) Dorsal horn of spinal cord ->Ascends up through the spinal cord in a tract (white matter) -> brainstem -> Forebrain/diencephalon -> synapse in the thalamus.

82
Q

What is the Second Order Neuron path that a sensory stimulus would take?

A

Ascends up through the spinal cord in a tract (white matter) -> brainstem -> Forebrain/diencephalon -> synapse in the thalamus.

83
Q

What is the Third Order Neuron?

A

The neuron that the Second Order Neuron synapses with.

84
Q

What is the Third Order Neuron path that a sensory stimulus would take?

A

Thalamus (cell body) -> cortex

85
Q

Where is the cell body of the First Order Neuron found?

A

Dorsal root ganglia

86
Q

Where is the cell body of the Second Order Neuron found?

A

Dorsal horn of the spinal cord

87
Q

Where is the cell body of the Third Order Neuron found?

A

Thalamus

88
Q

What is decussation?

A

Axons crossing the midline to the opposite side of the spinal cord or brain stem {sensation goes from the right to the left hemisphere}

89
Q

Why do we need more than one neuron?

A

For neuromodulation: regulation of pathways.

90
Q

How many roots does each spinal nerve have? Name them.

A

2:
Dorsal (always sensory)
Ventral (always motor)

91
Q

Which neurons could be somatic or visceral (autonomic)?

A

Motor neurons

92
Q

If a motor somatic response happens, and the skeletal muscle is not in the head/neck region, then which nerves are activated?

A

Spinal nerves

93
Q

If a motor somatic response happens, and the skeletal muscle is in the head/neck region, then which nerves are activated?

A

Cranial nerves

94
Q

What is an Upper Motor Neuron?

A

The neuron that descends through a tract from the cortex synapses with another neuron.

95
Q

Which neuron does the Upper Motor Neuron synapse with?

A

Interneuron

96
Q

After the Upper Motor Neuron synapses with the interneuron, which nerve does the interneuron synapse with?

A

Lower Motor Neuron

97
Q

What does the Lower Motor Neuron do?

A

Transmits the signal to the periphery (skeletal muscles).

98
Q

An upper motor neuron can synapse directly with _____, without needing _____

A

A lower motor neuron; interneuron

99
Q

____(lower/upper) motor neurons regulate and control the activity of the ____ (lower/upper) motor neurons.

A

Upper; lower

100
Q

Where are the upper motor neurons’ cell bodies located?

A

Cortex

101
Q

Where are the lower motor neurons’ cell bodies located?

A

Ventral horn

102
Q

Where are the interneurons’ cell bodies located?

A

Gray matter of the spinal cord

103
Q

Which two nerves do not originate from the brain stem?

A

1) Olfactory

2) Optic

104
Q

What is an example of a cranial nerve that has autonomic (parasympathetic) motor fibers?

A

Vagus nerve

105
Q

Where does the upper motor neuron synapse if the skeletal muscle is not in the head/neck region?

A

In the ventral horn of the spinal cord

106
Q

Where does the upper motor neuron synapse if the skeletal muscle is in the head/neck region?

A

In the brainstem

107
Q

What does cell bodies of the lower motor neurons form in the brain stem?

A

Nucleus

108
Q

What are the high centers of the brain?

A

The hypothalamus

109
Q

All the autonomic activities in the body are controlled by ___.

A

The hypothalamus

110
Q

Stimulation of the lower motor neuron always has an ______(excitatory/inhibitory) affect on the skeletal muscle fibers

A

Excitatory

111
Q

The axon of the lower motor neuron has _____(indirect/direct) control over skeletal muscle fibers.

A
112
Q

What are the low compartments of the brain?

A

1) Spinal cord segments

2) Brainstem (cranial nerves)

113
Q

Which two neurons are involved in the autonomic nervous system pathway?

A

1) Preganglionic

2) Postganglionic

114
Q

Which neurons carry signals from the hypothalamus and descend to lower compartments?

A

Higher neurons

115
Q

Which neurons do the higher neuron synapse with?

A

Preganglionic neurons

116
Q

Which neurons do the preganglionic neurons synapse with?

A

Postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic or parasympathetic  ganglion

117
Q

Which neuron innervates the visceral motor effectors?

A

Postganglionic neuron

118
Q

Where does the first motor visceral synapse take place?

A

1) Brainstem for parasympathetic ONLY

2) Spinal cord (Lateral horn of the gray matter)

119
Q

What are the three horns of the spinalgray matter?

A

1) Dorsal (posterior) horn
2) Ventral (anterior) horn
3) Lateral horn

120
Q

What does the dorsal (posterior) horn do?

A

Sensory function; First order neurons synapse with the second order neurons here.

121
Q

What does the ventral (anterior) horn do?

A

Motor function; upper somatic motor neurons synapse with the lower somatic motor neurons here.

122
Q

What does the lateral horn do?

A

Found in ANS spinal segments ONLY; higher hypothalamic neurons synapse with the preganglionic neurons here.

123
Q

Which spinal segments have lateral horns (ANS segments)?

A

Sympathetic: Thoracolumbar (All T segments 1-12 + L1-L2)

Parasympathetic: Craniosacral (S1-S5)

124
Q

What is the cranial part of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

The brainstem nuclei

125
Q

What is the difference between the ANS ganglia and the dorsal root ganglia?

A

ANS ganglia contain synapses between pre&post ganglionic neuron cell bodies, while the dorsal root ganglia do not. (They have sensory neuron unipolar or pseudounipolar cell bodies).

CNS Anatomy (19 decks)

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