Anatomy Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
Bony orbit - apex
A
Optic canal
2
Q
Bony orbit - roof
A
Mainly frontal bone
3
Q
Bony orbit - floor
A
Mainly maxilla
4
Q
Bony orbit - medial wall
A
Mainly ethmoid bone
5
Q
Bony orbit - lateral wall
A
Mainly sphenoid bone
6
Q
Orbital rim
A
Base of the bony orbit
Helps protect the eye from direct trauma
7
Q
Blowout fracture - which 2 bones are most likely to be affected
A
Ethmoid bone
Maxilla
8
Q
Fractured zygoma causes which visual abnormality?
A
Diplopia (double vision)
- zygoma normally attaches to suspensory ligaments which help support the eyeball and hold it up
9
Q
Tarsus
A
Eyelid
10
Q
What is the name of the conjunctiva which covers the internal eyelids?
A
Palpebral conjunctiva
11
Q
Where are tarsal glands located
A
Embedded in the tarsi
12
Q
Function of tarsal glands
A
Lubricates the edges of the eyelids
13
Q
Orbicularis oculi - function
A
Orbits around the ocular area and allows eye closing
14
Q
Which nerve supplies orbicularis oculi
A
CN VII
15
Q
2 parts of orbicularis oculi
A
Orbital part
Palpebral part
16
Q
Orbicularis oculi - orbital part
A
Used to close eyes tightly
screw up eyes
17
Q
Orbicularis oculi - palpebral part
A
Used to gently close eyes
blinking
18
Q
Which muscle elevates the eyelid
A
Levator palpebrae superioris
19
Q
Mulars muscle
A
Attaches from the tendon of LPS to the superior eyelid
It assists LPS in elevating the eyelid
20
Q
Function of meibomian glands
A
Modified sebaceous glands
Prevent tears from evaporating
21
Q
Where is the lacrimal gland located?
A
Just below the lateral aspect of the eyebrow
22
Q
Sclera - definition
A
White area of the eye
Contains collagen fibres arranged like a meshwork
23
Q
What is the conjunctiva which covers the sclera called?
A
Bulbar conjunctiva
24
Q
Limbus
A
Junction between the cornea and sclera
25
Lacrimal punctum
Black dot on the lower eyelid
| This is where lacrimal fluid drains in to
26
Which is more vascular: bulbar or palpebral conjunctiva?
Palpebral
27
The conjunctiva covers the cornea - true or false?
False
28
Function of the conjunctiva
Defensive barrier to foreign bodies
| Good at healing lacerations in the eye
29
Iris
The part of the eye which gives your eye colour
| Controls diameter of pupil
30
Pupil
Black central hole where light passes through to get to the retina
31
Cornea
Translucent (clear)
Avascular
Bulge
Collagen fibres are precisely arranged (optical clarity)
32
Which structure of the eye do you get most optical power from?
Cornea
33
Outer layer of the eye - type
Fibrous layer
34
Outer layer of the eye - constituents
Sclera
| Cornea
35
Middle layer of the eye - type
Uvea
| vascular layer
36
Middle layer of the eye - constituents
Iris
Ciliary body
Choroid
37
Inner layer of the eye - type
Retina
38
Inner layer of the eye - constituents
Optic disc
Macula
Fovea
39
Retina - function
The posterior aspect of the eye which receives and starts to interpret light coming into the eye
40
What is the pathway for the direction of light passing through the retina?
```
Ganglion cells (anteriorly) -->
Photoreceptors (posteriorly)
```
41
What is the direction of signal transmission in the retina?
Posterior -> anterior direction
The signal is generated by photoreceptors
Signal is sent to ganglion cells
Optic nerve is formed
42
The retina has pain and light receptors. True or False?
False
- the retina has light receptors only
- if something is wrong it just flashes lights (looks like camera flashes)
43
Fundus location
Back of the eye
44
Which area of the eye is known as the blind spot?
Optic disc
| - there are no photoreceptors in this area
45
Where does the optic nerve form?
Optic disc
46
Optic disc
Blind spot
47
Macula - function
Specialised or acute vision
| - lots of cones here
48
Fovea - location
In the centre of the macula
49
Fovea - function
For most acute vision
| - cones found in high density
50
The optic disc sits nasally/temporally?
Nasally
51
The macula sits nasally/temporally?
Temporally
52
How do you differentiate veins from arteries on a fundoscopy image?
Veins are bigger and thicker
| Arteries are smaller and thinner
53
Layers of the retina - posterior layer
Photoreceptors (rods and cones)
54
Layers of the retina - middle layer
Ganglion cells
55
Layers of the retina - anterior layer
Axons of the ganglion cells
56
Anterior segment - location
In front of the lens
57
Anterior segment - anterior chamber
Between the cornea and the iris
| Contains aqueous humour
58
Anterior segment - posterior chamber
Between the iris and suspensory ligaments (zonule fibres)
| Contains aqueous humour
59
Posterior segment - location
Behind the lens
| Contains vitreous body
60
Arterial blood supply pathway
Common carotid artery -->
Internal carotid artery -->
Ophthalamic artery -->
Central retinal artery and ciliary artery
61
Ciliary artery
Supplies the uvea
62
Which artery supplies the optic nerve head?
Posterior ciliary artery
63
Central retinal artery
Passes inside the optic nerve
It is an end artery
- if it becomes blocked then there is no blood supply to the retina leading to ischaemia of the retina
64
Which artery supplies the majority of the retina?
Central retinal artery
65
What causes red eyes when photo is taken with flash
Ciliary artery
66
Pathway of venous drainage of the eye
Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins ->
Superior ophthalmic vein ->
Cavernous sinus ->
Superficial vein of the face
67
Which vein drains the retina?
Central retinal vein
68
Everything from the right visual field hits the eye at the ____ retina of the right eye but the _____ retina of the left eye
1. Nasal
| 2. Temporal
69
The temporal retina of both eyes stays MEDIAL/LATERAL?
Lateral
| - i.e. doesn't cross over at the optic chiasma
70
The nasal retina of both eyes stays MEDIAL/LATERAL?
Medial
71
Crossing over at the optic chiasma occurs with the nasal retina OR temporal retina ?
Nasal retina
72
Light from objects in the right visual field is processed by the ____ primary visual cortex?
Left
73
Light from objects in the lower visual field is processed by the ____ primary visual cortex
Upper part
74
Blink reflex - sensory (afferent) limb
Picks up the sensation that is being touched
| AP are conducted from cornea -> trigeminal ganglion -> pons
75
Blink reflex - central connections between which 2 CN's?
CNV and CNVII
76
Blink reflex - motor (efferent) limb
APs conducted via CNVII -> eyelid part of orbicular oculi.
| this results in a blink
77
Where does the synapse occur in the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk
Superior cervical ganglia
78
What causes wide eye opening? (sympathetic or parasympathetic)
Sympathetic
79
What focuses the lens for near vision ? (sympathetic or parasympathetic)
Parasympathetic
80
What focuses the lens for far vision ? (sympathetic or parasympathetic)
Sympathetics
81
______ nerves dilate the pupil
Sympathetic
82
_____ nerves constrict the pupil
Parasympathetic
83
What causes lacrimation reflex tear production to occur ? (sympathetic or parasympathetic)
Parasympathetic
84
Dilated pupils allow MORE/LESS light to reach the retina?
More
85
Which muscles are responsible for dilating the pupil? and where are they located?
Dilator pupillae muscles
| Location: around the external circumference of the iris
86
Constricted pupils allow MORE/LESS light to reach the retina?
Less
87
In dim light what happens to the pupil?
It dilates
88
In bright light what happens to the pupil?
It constricts
89
Mydratic pupil
a non physiologically dilated pupil
90
Mitotic pupil
A non physiologically constricted pupil
91
Which muscles are responsible for constricting the pupil? and where are they located?
Sphincter pupillae muscles
| Location: around the internal circumference of the iris
92
Pupillary light reflex - shine torch into one eye, what happens to that eye?
CNII senses this and CN III causes pupil to constrict (direct light reflex)
93
Pupillary light reflex - shine a torch into one eye, what happens to the OTHER eye?
CN III causes pupil to constrict (consensual light reflex)
94
How does the lens attach to the ciliary body?
Suspensory ligaments (zonules)
95
What is another name for suspensory ligaments?
Zonules
96
What is the function of the ciliary body?
Produces aqueous humour
97
What happens to the ciliary muscle, suspensory ligaments and lens in far vision?
Ciliary muscle relaxes
Suspensory ligament tightens
Lens flattens
- to focus on object in the distance
98
What happens to the ciliary muscle, suspensory ligaments and lens in near vision?
Ciliary muscle contracts
Suspensory ligament relaxes
Lens becomes spherical
- to focus on near objects
99
Lens is spherical for NEAR/FAR vision?
Near
100
Lens is flat for NEAR/FAR vision?
Far
101
Which CN controls pupillary constriction?
CN III
102
Where is the lacrimal gland located?
Below the lateral aspect of the eyebrow
103
What does the lacrimal gland produce?
Produces lacrimal fluid (tears)
104
Lacrimal gland is controlled by which cranial nerve?
CNVII
105
Which direction does lacrimal fluid flow?
Temporal -> nasal lacrimal duct
106
Where does lacrimal fluid drain?
Punctum (black dot on top of the lacrimal papillae)
107
Lacrimal fluid always runs into the nose - true or false?
True
108
What is the function of lysozyme in lacrimal fluid?
Antibacterial properties
109
which CN tells the brain that the eye needs tears?
CNV
110
Which CN stimulates the lacrimal gland to produce tears?
CNVII
