Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Ophthalmology SOH > Ophthalmology conditions > Flashcards

Ophthalmology conditions Flashcards

(96 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Papilloedema - definition

A 
Optic disc swelling secondary to raised ICP
Subarachnoid space (which surrounds optic nerve) has excess CSF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Papilloedema - cause

A

Accumulation of CSF or inadequate drainage of CSF which leads to a raised ICP
Brain tumour
Head injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Papilloedema - clinical features

A 
Headache
Nausea/vomiting 
Blurred vision
Decreased colour perception 
Transient black outs of vision 
Loss of vision 
Painless
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Papilloedema - opthalmoscopy

A

Poorly defined disc contour
Optic disc elevated above retinal surface
Very swollen optic disc
No central cup
Swollen nerve fibres
Enlarged optic disc
Acute phase: cotton wool spots, haemorrhages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Horner’s syndrome - causes

A

Sympathetic innervation gets compressed and so the innervation is impaired

  • root of neck trauma
  • carotid dissection
  • IJV enlargement
  • pancoast tumour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Horner’s syndrome - clinical features of pupil

A

Miosis

  • small pupils
  • excess constriction of the pupils as the sympathetics aren’t working to dilate the pupils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Horner’s syndrome - additional clinical features

A

Ptosis
- drooping of eyelid
Reduced sweating
Increased warmth and redness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chemosis (acute allergic conjunctivitis) - definition

A

Swelling of the conjunctiva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Chemosis (acute allergic conjunctivitis) - clinical features

A

Eye is very inflammed
Watery discharge
Itchy
Puffy swollen eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chemosis (acute allergic conjunctivitis) - cause

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

- release of inflammatory mediators cause symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hydrocephalus - cause

A

Accumulation of CSF

Subsequent enlargement of the ventricles and an increase in ICP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hydrocephalus - who gets it

A

Young babies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hydrocephalus - clinical features

A

Bones of developing skull move apart and the head may enlarge significantly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Optic neuritis - who gets it

A

People with MS

Most commonly females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Optic neuritis - clinical features

A

Pain on eye movements
Progressive unilateral vision loss
Colour vision defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Optic neuritis - definition

A

Inflammation of the optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Optic neuritis - ophthalmoscopy

A

Disc is very pale

Loss of blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

CRAO - definition

A

Central retinal artery occlusion
This artery supplies the inner 2/3rds of the retina
It is an end artery, so if blocked there is no blood supply to the majority of the retina. this causes swelling in the retina.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

CRAO - causes

A

Atherosclerosis
Hypertension
Aneurysm
Stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

CRAO - clinical features

A 
Sudden loss of vision
Painless 
Very profound loss of vision 
- won't be able to read top line of snellen chart
- won't be able to count your fingers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

CRAO - ophthalmoscopy

A

Retina is pale and milky due to oedema
Retinal nerve fibre layer becomes swollen
Cherry red spot at macula
Cup is very dense and bright white
Blood is struggling to get through circulation - follow an artery and it may disappear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

CRAO - management

A

If it presents within 24 hours of onset then try and ocular massage
- aim to push the embolus further down the vascular tree to a retinal branch artery instead of central retinal artery
Anti-platelet therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Branch retinal artery occlusion - clinical features

A

Bottom half of vision is lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Branch retinal artery occlusion - ophthalmoscopy

A

Only the top half of the retina looks pale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Amaurosis fugax - definition
Short lasting CRAO
26
Amaurosis fugax - clinical features
Short lasting vision loss (5 mins) Painless Darkness/blackness coming down from vision like a set of dark curtains
27
Amaurosis fugax - ophthalmoscopy
No abnormalities
28
Amaurosis fugax - management
Urgent referral to stroke clinic | Aspirin
29
CRVO - definition
Central retinal vein occlusion | Blood travels in with no problems but the blood becomes trapped and can't get back out
30
CRVO - causes
Atherosclerosis Hypertension Hyperviscosity Raised IOP
31
CRVO - clinical features
Sudden onset loss of vision Painless Visual outcome is variable - might not loose complete vision
32
CRVO - ophthalmoscopy
``` Congested fundus Dilated, torturous veins Cotton wool spots (areas of ischaemia) Widespread haemorrhage Can be difficult to see the optic disc ```
33
CRVO - investigations
OCT scan | - where the fovea dip is usually present, there is a 'hill' due to intra-retinal fluid build up over the fovea
34
CRVO - management
Laser treatment | Anti VEGF injections
35
Occlusion of optic nerve head circulation - definition
Posterior ciliary arteries (which supply optic nerve head) become occluded
36
Occlusion of optic nerve head circulation - types
Giant cell arteritis | Atherosclerosis
37
Occlusion of optic nerve head circulation - clinical features
Sudden, profound vision loss
38
Occlusion of optic nerve head circulation - ophthalmoscopy
Swollen disc Pale disc Margins are fluffy and not well defined
39
Vitreous haemorrhage - definition
Bleeding into the vitreous cavity
40
Vitreous haemorrhage - clinical features
Sudden loss of vision Floaters in the eye Loss of red reflex
41
Vitreous haemorrhage - ophthalmoscopy
Red areas
42
Vitreous haemorrhage - management
Identify cause of haemorrhage
43
Retinal detachment - clinical features
Painless Sudden loss of vision Sudden onset flashes and floaters
44
Retinal detachment - ophthalmoscopy
Retinal tear
45
Retinal detachment - management
Usually surgical
46
wet ARMD - definition
Age related macular degeneration New blood vessels grow under the retina and macula This causes a break in the choroid layer and leakage causes a build up of fluid/blood which lifts the macula up from its normally flat position
47
Wet ARMD - clinical features
Sudden vision loss Central visual loss Dark spots in the centre of pts vision due to blood/fluid under the macula Symptoms are often unilateral to begin with but always end up bilateral
48
Wet ARMD - ophthalmoscopy
Retinal oedema Localised elevation Exudates in and around macula Detachment of retinal pigment epithelium
49
Wet ARMD - management
Dietary supplements Anti-VEGF injections - stops new blood vessels from growing
50
Dry ARMD - definition
Dry age related macular degeneration Build up of waste products (drusen) below the retinal pigment epithelium which causes the retina to be pulled away from the choroid There is no leakage of fluid and no blood
51
Dry ARMD - clinical features
Gradual decline in vision | Central vision gets lost gradually (scotoma)
52
Dry ARMD - ophthalmoscope
Yellow/white deposits
53
Dry ARMD - management
Supportive treatment | Low vision aids (magnifiers)
54
Cataract - definition
Clouding of the lens in the eye which leads to a decrease in vision
55
Cataract - causes
``` Age related Trauma Diabetes Obesity Drug induced - SE of steroids ```
56
Cataract - clinical features
``` Gradual decline in vision Hazy, blurred vision Faded colours Halos around light Trouble with bright light Trouble seeing at night ```
57
Cataract - management
Surgical removal of lens with intra-ocular lens implant (if pt symptomatic)
58
Diabetic retinopathy - types
Non proliferative | Proliferative
59
Non proliferative diabetic retinopathy - definition
Early stage Tiny blood vessels within the retina leak blood or fluid. This causes retina to swell or deposits to form
60
Non proliferative diabetic retinopathy - ophthalmoscopy
``` Micro-aneurysm Dot and blot haemorrhages Hard exudates (yellow) Cotton wool patches Abnormalities of venous calibre Intra-retinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA) ```
61
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy - definition
``` New vessel formation - may grow on disc (NVD) - may grow elsewhere in retina (NVE) Fibrosis Scarring (which shrinks the retina and pulls it off) ```
62
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy - ophthalmoscopy
New vessel formation - grows into the vitreous Smal dot haemorrhages in macula White/black laser scars
63
Why do new vessels form in proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
Due to ischaemia
64
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy - management
``` Laser ischaemic tissue - sacrifice some of the peripheral retina in order to save the central retina PRP - pan retino photocoagulation Macular grid ``` Ablate retina Surgery
65
Hypertensive retinopathy - definition
Hypertension must be very severe for this to occur
66
Hypertensive retinopathy - ophthalmoscopy
``` Cotton wool spots Hard exudates Retinal haemorrhages Optic disc oedema Weakened blood vessels ```
67
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension - BP levels
Normal
68
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension - ophthalmoscopy
Bilateral disc swelling | No crisp edge to the disc
69
Glaucoma - definition
Progressive optic neuropathy | - optic nerve gets damaged by the pressure of the fluid inside your eye
70
Glaucoma - cause
Increased intra-ocular pressure (IOP) causes damage to nerve fibres This leads to optic nerve dysfunction
71
Glaucoma - types
Open angle | Closed angle
72
Glaucoma - ophthalmoscopy
Increased cup size due to loss of nerve fibres Cup:Disc ratio >0.7 Other features of optic disc should be normal
73
Glaucoma - management
Eye drops which decrease aqueous humour production (this decreased IOP) e.g. bimatoprost Prostanoids eg latanoprost Beta blockers - block ciliary body and therefore reduce aqueous humour production Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - block ciliary body and therefore reduce aqueous humour production Parasympathomometic eg pilocarpine Laser treatment
74
Closed angle glaucoma - gradual/sudden vision loss
Sudden
75
Closed angle glaucoma - definition
Aqueous humour struggles to get through the canal of schlemm and so backs up and builds up. This pushes the iris forward and the iris further blocks the canal of schlemm Pressure continues to increase Plugging of drain as iris has anatomically blocked the drainage canal
76
Closed angle glaucoma - clinical features
``` Sudden vision loss Painful, red eye Headache Nausea Vomiting Cloudy cornea ```
77
Closed angle glaucoma - examination
Limbus injection of vessels Cloudy cornea Pupil mid dilated
78
Open angle glaucoma - definition
Iridocorneal angle is open but there is clogging up of the canal of schlemm Aqueous humour is not draining so the pressure increases and damage occurs Clogged drain
79
Open angle glaucoma - clinical features
Often asymptomatic | Gradual visual loss
80
What is the commonest cause of blindness in the western world?
ARMD
81
Which is more common: Wet or dry ARMD ?
Dry
82
Anterior uveitis - clinical features
``` Dull achy pain - pain may be referred to brow red eye (limbus) Reduced vision Photophobia ```
83
Anterior uveitis - examination
Ciliary injection around the limbus Hypopyon (clumps of white inflammatory cells) Small or irregular pupil
84
Anterior uveitis - management
Topical steroids | Mydratics - cyclopentolate
85
Thyroid eye disease - extra ocular features
``` Proptosis Lid retraction Lid lag Lid pigmentation Swelling of periorbital fat ```
86
Thyroid eye disease - ocular features
Chemosis (oedema of conjunctiva) | Glaucoma
87
Blepharitis - anterior (name the 2 types)
Seborrhoeic | Staphylococcal
88
Blepharitis - anterior - seborrhoeic
Scales on the lashes Lid margin is more red than deeper part of lid No ulceration
89
Blepharitis - anterior - staphylococcal
``` Infection involving the lash follicle Lashes are distorted - ingrowing of lashes Can get a sty Ulcers of lid margin ```
90
Blepharitis - posterior
``` Meibomian gland dysfunction - lid margin and lashes unaffected redness is in deeper part of lid Meibomian cysts Assoc with acne rosacea ```
91
Episcleritis - associated condition
Gout
92
Episcleritis - clinical features
Recurrent | Can cause nodular bumps on eye surface
93
Episcleritis - management
Self limiting
94
Scleritis - definition
Serious disease | Assoc with serious systemic vasculitides
95
Scleritis - clinical features
Painful
96
scleritis - management
Injection of deep vascular plexus Phenylephrine test Oral NSAIDs Oral Steroids

Ophthalmology SOH (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions