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Ophthalmology SOH > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Aqueous humour - where is it produced?

A

Ciliary body

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2
Q

Aqueous humour - where is it secreted from?

A

Ciliary process (internal folds of ciliary body)

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3
Q

Aqueous humour pathway

A

Secreted into posterior chamber (nourishes lens)

Passes through the pupil to the anterior chamber (nourishes cornea)

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4
Q

Aqueous humour - where does it drain

A

Scleral venous sinus through the canal of schlemm

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5
Q

Aqueous humour is mainly found in the ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR segment of the eye?

A

Anterior

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6
Q

Aqueous humour - function

A

Maintains intra-ocular pressure

- the IOP depends on the balance between the production and reabsorption of aqueous humour

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7
Q

Vitreous humour - definition

A

Clear fluid with a jelly like consistency

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8
Q

Vitreous humour is mainly found in the ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR segment of the eye?

A

Posterior

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9
Q

Where are photoreceptors found

A

Posterior part of the retina

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10
Q

Photoreceptors - functions

A

Converts light into neural signals that can stimulate biological processes

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11
Q

2 types of photoreceptors

A

Rods

Cones

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12
Q

There is increased visual acuity if there are MORE/LESS photoreceptors present

A

More

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13
Q

There is increased visual acuity if the photoreceptors are spaced very close together. True or false?

A

True

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14
Q

Rods - light conditions

A

Dim light
When light conditions are not good
Low levels of light
Night vision, peripheral vision

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15
Q

Rods - where are they located

A

Peripheral retina

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16
Q

Rods - photoreceptor spacing

A

Large spacing between photoreceptors

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17
Q

Rods - high/low light sensitivity

A

High

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18
Q

Rods - high/low visual acuity

A

Low

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19
Q

Cones - light conditions

A

Bright light
Normal daylight
For seeing things in colour
Detail

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20
Q

Cones - where are they located

A

Central retina

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21
Q

Cones - photoreceptor spacing

A

Minimal spacing between photoreceptors

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22
Q

Cones - high/low light sensitivity

A

Low

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23
Q

Cones - high/low visual acuity

A

High

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24
Q

Colour vision - rods/cones

A

Cones

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25
Short wave cone produces which colour?
Blue
26
Middle wave cone produces which colour?
Green
27
Long wave cone produces which colour?
Red
28
When exposed to light, Na+ levels increase/decrease ?
Decrease | - due to the closure of cGMP gated Na+ channel
29
Decreased Na+ levels causes the membrane potential to become more positive/negative?
Negative | - Vm hyperpolarises
30
In the absence of light, Na+ levels increase/decrease?
Increase | - due to the opening of cGMP gated Na+ channel
31
Increased Na+ levels causes the membrane potential to become more positive/negative?
Positive | - Vm depolarises
32
What are the visual pigment molecules called?
Rhodopsin
33
2 components of rhodopsin
Retinal (vitamina A derivative) | Opsin (GPCR)
34
Where in the retina is the fovea located?
In the centre of the retina, inside the macula
35
Infant presents with a visual problem in one eye. What is the initial management?
Put eye patch over GOOD eye. Make the patient use their bad eye to force the brain to rely on signals from the bad eye. This helps the brain develop properly
36
Emmetropia - definition
No refractive error | The eye has no visual defects
37
Hyperopia - definition
Vision is better for distant than for near objects | farsightedness
38
Hyperopia - parallel rays are focussed in front of / behind the retina ?
Behind
39
Myopia - definition
Vision is bette for near than for far away objects | short sightedness
40
Myopia - visual images come in to focus in front of / behind the retina ?
In front of
41
Everything from the right visual field hits the eye at the ____ retina of the right eye and the ____ retina of the left eye
Nasal retina - right eye | Temporal retina - left eye
42
Light from objects in the right visual field is processed by the RIGHT/LEFT primary visual cortex
Left
43
Light from objects in the lower visual field is processed by the UPPER/LOWER part of the primary visual cortex
Upper
44
What happens when we blink
Lacrimal fluid runs over the eye and this prevents the eye from drying out. Helps remove foreign bodies from the eye
45
Which nerves (sympathetic/parasympathetic) cause dilation of the pupil?
Sympathetic
46
How does light reach the retina?
It goes through the pupils
47
Dilated pupil allows more/less light to reach the retina?
More
48
Which muscle is responsible for pupillary dilation?
Dilator pupillae muscle
49
Location of the dilator pupillae muscle
Located around the external circumference of the iris
50
Mydratic pupil
An abnormally sustained pupillary dilation
51
Mydratic pupil - causes
eye drops (drugs) diseases trauma CNIII pathology (constrictors not working at all)
52
Constricted pupil allows more/less light to reach the retina?
Less
53
Which nerves (sympathetic/parasympathetic) cause constriction of the pupil?
Parasympathetic
54
Which muscles is responsible for constriction of the pupil?
Sphincter pupillae muscle
55
Location of the sphincter pupillae muscle
It encircles the pupil | Around the internal circumference of the iris
56
Mitotic pupil
Abnormally sustained pupillary constriction
57
Mitotic pupil - causes
Diseases (Horner's syndrome) | Opiate drugs
58
Pupillary light reflex (direct)
Shine a torch into one eye | Direct light reflex (constriction) in the stimulated eye
59
Pupillary light reflex (consensual)
Shine a torch into one eye | Constriction occurs in the non-stimulated eye
60
Which nerves (sympathetic/parasympathetic) are responsible for far (distant) vision
Sympathetic nerves
61
In far (distant) vision, the ciliary muscle contracts/relaxes ?
Relaxes
62
In far (distant) vision, the suspensory ligaments contract/relax
Contract
63
In far (distant) vision, the lens is flat/spherical
Flat
64
Which nerves (sympathetic/parasympathetic) are responsible for near vision
Parasympathetic nerves
65
In near vision, the ciliary muscle contracts/relaxes?
Contracts
66
In near vision, the suspensory ligaments contract/relax?
Relax
67
In near vision, the lens is flat/spherical
Spherical

Ophthalmology SOH (12 decks)

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