ANATOMY Flashcards
(220 cards)
1
Q
what type of joint is the hip
A
synovial
2
Q
where do the ligaments of the hip attach anteriorly (inferiorly)
A
intertrochanteric line
3
Q
where do the ligaments of the hip attach posteriorly (inferiorly)
A
intertrochanteric crest
4
Q
what is the purpose of the ligaments of the hip joint
A
strengthen joint
make it hard to dislocate hip
5
Q
which major artery do the lateral and medial circumflex arteries (supply the hip joint) come off
A
deep/profundal femoral artery
6
Q
what is the artery called that goes to the head of the femur
A
ligamentum teres artery
7
Q
where does the ligamentum teres artery come from (supplies the head of the femur)
A
obturator artery
8
Q
what is the insignificant blood supply to the head of the femur (couldnt supply the head on its own);
medial circumflex artery
lateral circumflex artery
ligamentum teres
A
ligamentum teres
9
Q
what do the superficial gluteal (bum) muscles do
A
extend, abduct and medially rotate thigh
10
Q
what are the superficial gluteal muscles
A
gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
11
Q
which of the gluteus muscles is most superficial
A
gluteus maximus
12
Q
which nerve supplies the gluteus maximus
A
inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)
13
Q
which nerve supplies the gluteus medius
A
superior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)
same as gluteus medius
14
Q
which nerve supplies the gluteus minimus
A
superior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)
same as gluteus medius
15
Q
which nerve is damaged in a trendelenurgs gait
hence which muscles are the ones that dont work
A
superior gluteus nerve (L5-S2)
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
16
Q
where is the superior gluteal nerve located
A
deep to the gluteus medius (between the gluteus medius and the gluteus minimus)
17
Q
what is the tensor fascia lata
where is it
A
muscular attachment of the fascia lata
superficial gluteal region (bum)
18
Q
what is the fascia lata
A
deep fascia in the thigh compartment
19
Q
what do the deep gluteal muscles do
A
lateral rotation of thigh
20
Q
what nerve supplies the deep gluteal muscles
A
sacral plexus
21
Q
what are the deep gluteal muscles
A
piriformis
superior and inferior gemelli
quadratus femoris
obturator internus
22
Q
what makes the greater sciatic foramen
A
greater sciatic notch and ligaments
23
Q
what makes the less sciatic foramen
A
lesser sciatic notch and ligaments
24
Q
where do nerves enter the pelvis
A
greater sciatic foramen
25
where do nerves enter the perineum
lesser sciatic foramen
26
what nerve branches are in the sciatic nerve
L4-S3
27
what are the branches of the sciatic nerve (L4-S3)
tibial
| common fibular
28
what is the largest nerve in the body
sciatic nerve (L4-S3)
29
where does the sciatic nerve (L4-S3) exit the pelvis
where is it in relation to the other structures that leave this place
greater sciatic foramen
most lateral
30
where do the branches of the sciatic nerve separate
what are the branches
distal thigh (superior apex of popliteal fossa)
tibial and common fibular/peroneal nerves
31
where does the common fibular branch of the sciatic nerve travel
why is this significant
around the knee
easily damaged
32
what nerve plexuses are in the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve (L4-S3)
L4-S3
33
what nerve plexuses are in the common fibular/peroneal branch of the sciatic nerve (L4-S3)
L4-S2
34
what does the sciatic nerve (L4-S3) supply
anterior, posterior and lateral leg
dorsum and sole of foot
posterior thigh
35
what does the tibial branch (L4-S3) of the sciatic nerve supply (3)
posterior leg
posterior thigh
sole of foot
36
what does the common fibular/peroneal branch (L4-S2) of the sciatic nerve supply (3)
anterior leg
lateral leg
dorsum of foot
37
how does a damaged common fibular/peroneal nerve present
foot drop
38
what nerve is damage in foot drop
common fibular (L4-S2)
39
where does the median sural cutaneous nerve come from
tibial branch (L4-S3) of the sciatic nerve
40
where does the lateral sural cutaneous nerve come from
common fibular (L4-S2) branch of the sciatic nerve
41
what connects the sural nerves
sural communicating branch
42
where do the sural nerves arise
popliteal fossa
43
what does the obturator nerve (L2-S4) supply
medial thigh (motor and sensory)
44
what does the femoral nerve (L2-S4) supply
anterior thigh (motor and sensory)
45
what are the 2 cutaneous branches of the femoral nerve (L2-S4)
anterior cutaneous branch
| saphenous branch
46
which nerve travels alongside the sciatic nerve
posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh (PCNT) (S1-S3)
47
what area of skin does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh supply
posterior thigh, lateral perineum, popliteal fossa
48
which nerve supplies the perineum
pudendal nerve
49
where does the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh come from
lumbosacral plexus (L2-L3)
50
what are the nerves that supply the skin of the thigh (4)
lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
obturator
femoral
posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
51
what are the nerves that supply the skin of the leg (2)
saphenous
| sciatic
52
what is the superior border of the femoral triangle
inguinal ligament
53
what is the medial border of the femoral triangle
lateral border of adductor longus
54
what is the lateral border of the femoral triangle
medial border of the Sartorius
55
what is the floor of the femoral triangle
iliopsoas tendon and pectineus
56
what is the roof of the femoral triangle
deep fascia (fascia lata)
57
what are the contents of the
| femoral triangle from superior to inferior and lateral to medial
NAVL
femoral Nerve
femoral Artery
femoral Vein
Lymphatics (deep inguinal lymph nodes)
58
what 2 items that pass through the femoral triangle are enclosed in the femoral sheath
what is the significance of this
femoral artery and femoral vein
if you find one, the other is right next to it (ie find the femoral pulse and you can find the vein for cannulation etc)
59
what is the superior thickening of fascia lata called
tensor fascia lata
60
what is the inferior thickening of fascia lata called
iliotibial tract
61
what is the function of the anterior thigh (2)
flex hip
| extend knee
62
what are the hip flexor muscles in the anterior thigh (3)
pectineus iliopsoas, Sartorius (longest muscle in the body)
63
what is the nerve supply of the muscles in the anterior thigh
femoral (L2-L4)
64
what is the longest muscle in the body
where does it run
Sartorius
from ASIS to tibia
65
what are the knee extensors in the anterior thigh
quads - 4 muscles, idc the names lol
66
what is the function of the medial thigh
adduct hip
67
what is the muscles in the medial thigh (5)
```
adductor longus
adductor brevis
adductor magnus
gracilis
obturator externus
```
68
what is the nerve supply of the medial thigh
obturator (L2-L4)
69
what is the function of the posterior thigh (2)
extension of hip
flexion of knee
opposite to anterior thigh
70
what are the muscles in the posterior thigh
semitendinous
semimembranous
biceps femoris
71
what is the nerve supply to the posterior thigh
tibial branch of sciatic (L5-S3)
72
what is the laymans term for the posterior thigh
hamstrings
73
which of the 3 posterior thigh muscles has 2 heads
biceps femoris
74
which bone is not involved in the knee joint (that is in the area)
fibula
75
what type of joint is the knee
synovial
76
where is the suprapatellar bursa
what is it
above the patella (knee cap)
extension of the synovial cavity (can be filled if there is excess fluid)
77
where is the infrapatellar bursa
below the patella
78
where is the prepatellar bursa
superficial to the patella
79
what shape are the menisci in the knee
crescent shaped
80
what are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa
superolaterally - biceps femoris
superomedially - semimembranous/semitendinous
inferiorly - gastrocnemius
roof - popliteal fascia
81
contents of the popliteal fossa (5)
```
tibial nerve (from sciativ nerve)
popliteal vein (continuation of posterior tibial vein)
popliteal artery (continuation of femoral artery)
terminal small saphenous vein (drains into popliteal vein here)
popliteal lymph nodes
```
82
which nerves arise in the popliteal fossa
sural nerves
83
what is the function of the anterior leg (2)
dorsiflexion of ankle
| extension of toes
84
what are the muscles of the anterior leg
not learning lol
85
what is the nerve supply to the anterior leg
deep fibular/peroneal nerve (L4-L5) branch of sciatic
86
what is the function of the lateral leg (2)
eversion of foot
| plantarflexion of ankle
87
what are the muscles in the lateral leg
fibularis longus
| fibularis brevis
88
what is the nerve supply to the lateral leg
superficial fibular nerve (L5-S2)
89
what is the fabella
a sesamoid bone found in the head of the gastrocnemius (normal on xray)
90
what are the muscles in the posterior leg (3 superficial + lots of deep)
gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
not learning the deep ones lol
91
what is the nerve supply of the posterior leg
tibial nerve (branch of sciatic)
92
where does the Achilles tendon attach superiorly (3)
gastrocnemius, plantaris and soleus
| the superficial posterior leg muscles
93
what is the fabella
a sesamoid bone found in the head of the gastrocnemius (normal on xray)
94
what is the longest tendon in the body, where is it
why is this significant clinically
plantaris tendon in posterior leg
used for tendon transfers
95
what is the order of things entering the foot behind the medial malleolus
(Tom Dick And Very Nervous Harry)
```
Tibialis posterior tendon
flexor Digitorum longus tendon
posterior tibial Artery
posterior tibial Vein
tibial Nerve
flexor Halluces longus tendon
```
96
what is the extensor retinaculum
why is it important
a ligament that keeps the tendons that enter the foot in place
97
what type of joint is the ankle
synovial
98
bones involved in medial longitudinal arch of the foot
```
calcaneus
talus
navicular
cuneiforms
metatarsal 1, 2, 3
```
99
bones involved in lateral longitudinal arch of the foot
calcaneus
cuboid
metatarsal 4, 5
100
bones involved in transverse arch of foot
cuboid
3 cuneiforms
base of 5 metatarsals
101
what supports the arches of the foot
plantar aponeurosis
102
motor supply to sole of foot
tibial nerve
103
motor supply to dorsum of foot
deep fibular/peroneal nerve
104
sensory supply to dorsum of foot (4)
superficial fibular nerve
deep fibular nerve
sural nerve (lateral)
saphenous nerve (medial)
105
sensory supply to sole of foot (3)
```
tibial nerve (most)
sural nerve (lateral)
saphenous nerve (medial)
```
106
where doe lymphatics from the foot follow
great and small saphenous veins
107
which nerve supplies the deltoid
axillary nerve (think bc its near the axilla)
108
what is the function of the deltoid (3)
extension
abduction
flexion
of shoulder
109
what are the 3 parts of the deltoid
anterior
middle
posterior
110
what is the function of the trapezius
rotates scapula
111
which nerve supplies trapezius
CN XI (accessory nerve)
112
how many sets of fibres are there in the trapezius
3
113
which muscle lies deep to the trapezius and elevates scapula
levator scapulae
114
what are the rotator cuff muscles
SITS;
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
115
which of the rotator cuff muscles attach to the lesser tuberosity of the humerus (rest attach to the greater tuberosity)
subscapularis (the anterior one)
116
where is the subscapularis in relation to the scapula
anterior surface, on the 'inside' of it
117
where is the supraspinatus in relation to the scapula
posterior surface, above the spine of the scapula
118
where is the infraspinatus in relation to the scapula
posterior surface, below the spine of the scapula
119
where is the teres minor in relation to the other rotator cuff muscles
below the infraspinatus
120
what is the function of the rotator cuff muscles
stabilise shoulder joint
121
which nerve supplies the rotator cuff muscles
brachial plexus
122
what is the pneumonic for the sections of the brachial plexus
```
Really = Roots
Tired = Trunks
Drink = Divisions
Coffee = Chords
Now = Nerves
```
123
which 3 rami involved in the brachial plexus give rise to the long thoracic nerve
C5, C6, C7
124
the anterior rami of which nerves are involved in the brachial plexus
C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
125
where does the superior trunk of the brachial plexus come from
C5 and C6 anterior rami
126
where does the middle trunk of the brachial plexus come from
C7 anterior rami
127
where does the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus come from
C8 and T1 anterior rami
128
what happens to the trunks in the brachial plexus for them to turn into divisions
each trunk divides into an anterior and posterior division
129
which divisions does the posterior chord of the brachial plexus come from
all 3 posterior divisions (from superior, middle and inferior trunks)
130
which divisions does the lateral chord of the brachial plexus come from
the anterior division of the superior and middle trunks
131
which divisions does the medial chord of the brachial plexus come from
the anterior division of the inferior trunk
132
what 2 nerves does the posterior chord of the brachial plexus divide into
radial and axillary
133
from which 2 chords of the brachial plexus does the median nerve come from
lateral and medial chords
134
from which chord does the musculocutaneous nerve come from
lateral chord
135
from which chord does the ulnar nerve come from
medial chord
136
musculocutaneous nerve motor supply
anterior arm
137
median nerve motor supply
anterior forearm
138
ulnar nerve motor supply
hand
139
axillary nerve motor supply (2)
deltoid
| teres minor
140
radial nerve motor supply (2)
posterior arm
| posterior forearm
141
which nerve is damaged when there is wrist drop
radial nerve
142
axillary nerve sensory supply
badge patch
143
radial nerve sensory supply (2)
lateral half of dorsal hand
| palmar thumb
144
which nerve is susceptible to mid shaft humerus fracture
radial
145
how does damage to the radial nerve present
wrist drop
146
what is a branch of the median nerve
palmar cutaneous branch
147
where is the axillary artery in relation to the brachial plexus
between the lateral and medial cords
148
what is the acromoclavicular joint between
what kind of joint is it
between acromium of scapula and clavicle
plane type joint
149
what is the glenohumeral joint between
what kind of joint is it
between the glenoid process of the scapula and the humerus
ball and socket joint
150
what is the labrum of the shoulder
purpose
fibrous layer in shoulder
stabilises joint
151
what are the muscles in the anterior arm
BBC
brachialis
biceps brachii
coracobrachialis (up the top)
152
what is the function of the anterior arm
flex arm and forearm
153
what is the nerve supply of the anterior arm
musculocutaneous
154
what are the muscles in the posterior arm
triceps brahcii
155
what is the function of the posterior arm
extend arm and forearm
156
what is the innervation of the posterior arm
radial
157
what are the 3 ligaments of the elbow
lateral collateral ligament
medial collateral ligament
annular ligament
158
sensory innervation of the cubital fossa
cutaneous nerve of the arm and cutaneous nerve of the forearm
159
which nerves travel in the cubital fossa of the elbow
which one travels behind the supracondylar process instead
radial
median
ulnar
160
which bone lies laterally in anatomical position (ulna or radius)
radius
161
what is the function of the anterior forearm (2)
flexion of wrist
| pronation of wrist
162
what are the muscles of the anterior forearm
dont bother learning lol
163
what is the innervation of the anterior forearm
median (apart from 2 that are ulnar)
164
what is the function of the posterior forearm
extend wrist
| supination of wrist
165
what are the muscles in the posterior forearm
dont bother learning lol
166
what is the nerve supply of the posterior forearm
radial (posterior interosseous branch)
167
how do the anterior forearm muscles attach superiorly
common flexor tendon attaches them to the medial epicondyle
168
what condition is associated with the common flexor tendon (of the anterior forearm) and its attachment to the medial epicondyle
golfers elbow
169
how do tendons attach to the phalanges in the hand
by pulleys
170
what is the flexor retinaculum
ligament that keeps tendons in place (stops them from 'bowstringing')
171
what is the palmar aponeurosis
contains tendons in the palm of the hand before they divide into fingers as fibrous digital sheaths
172
why are fibrous digital sheaths important in the fingers
create a tunnel for the synovial sheaths to travel through
173
what is the pollicis brevis
thumb
174
what is the digiti minimi
little finger
175
what is the thenar eminence of the hand
which muscles make up the thenar eminence
thumb muscles (Thenar = Thumb)
abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, oppons pollicis
176
what is the hypothenar eminence
which muscles make up the hypothenar eminence
little finger muscles
abductor digitis minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, opponene digitis minimi
177
what is the innervation of the thenar eminence
recurrent branch of median nerve
178
what is the innervation of the hypothenar eminence
deep branch of the ulnar nerve
179
where do the tendons attach in the hand
to a phalange (proximal, middle or distal)
180
where do lumbricals attach in the hand
to tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
181
how many lumbricals do you have
4 - one for each finger
182
where do interossei attach in the hand
between metacarpals and proximal phalanges
183
how many interossei are there
which fingers do they attach to
7
only 1 on little finger, none on thumb
184
what are your interossei also known as
your 'DAB PAD's (to do with their location and function)
185
what do dorsal interossei do
abduction
DAB - Dorsal = ABduction
186
what do palmar interossei do
adduction
PAD - Palmer = ADduction
187
what innervates the interossei
ulnar
does most of hand
188
what doesnt the ulnar nerve supply in the hand
3 thenar muscles
| 2 lateral lumbricals
189
what is seen when the ulnar nerve is damaged
| condition and explanation
claw hand - thumb and lateral 2 fingers can move, everything else cant (bc its supplied by ulnar)
190
what is the sensory innervation of the ulnar nerve in the hand
ulnar 1.5 fingers (palmar and dorsal)
191
what is the sensory innervation of the median nerve in the hand
most of palm (apart from ulnar 1.5 fingers and small bit of thumb)
tips (incl nail) of radial 3.5 fingers on dorsal surface
192
what is the sensory innervation of the radial nerve in the hand
small bit of palmar thumb
| most of dorsal surface (apart from finger tips and ulnar 1.5 finger)
193
what anatomical feature is in the anatomical snuff box
radial artery
194
what 10 things go through the carpal tunnel
median nerve
| 9 flexor tendons (2 for each finger, 1 for thumb)
195
which branch of the median nerve doesnt go through the carpal tunnel (hence not affected by carpal tunnel syndrome
palmar cutaneous branch
196
how many cervical vertebrae are there
7
197
how many thoracic vertebrae are there
12
198
how many lumbar vertebrae are there
5
199
how many sacral vertebrae are there
5 (fuse to form 1 sacrum)
200
how many coccygeal vertebrae are there
4 (fuse to form 1 coccyx)
201
is cervical curvature primary or secondary
secondary
202
which 2 curvature are primary
thoracic and sacral
203
what is different about C1 (atlas) from other cervical vertebrae
no body
no spinous process
posterior and anterior arches instead
204
what is different about C2 (axis) form other cervical vertebrae
has an odontoid process (dens) - the body that should've been on C1
205
what is the first palpable spinous process (in 70% of people)
C7
206
why are intervertebral ligaments important
vertebrae would become misaligned without them
207
what investigation would you do if vertebrae were misaligned
why
MRI
look at intervertebral ligaments
208
where is the cauda equina
lumbar vertebrae
209
what is the cauda equina
bundle of nerves below the spinal cord
210
what is removed from the spinal cord in a lumbar puncture
where is it from
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
subarachnoid space around the spinal cord
211
which part of the spine should you do a lumbar puncture in
how do you find this (without counting the vertebrae lol)
L3/4 (spinal cord stops at L1/2)
iliac crests
212
claw hand
ulnar nerve injury
213
what does the gluteus maximus do
extend hip
214
what does the gluteus minimus and medius do
abduct and medially rotate thigh
215
nerve tested in knee jerk (and source)
femoral L3-4
216
nerve tested in ankle jerk (and source)
tibial S1-2
217
nerve tested in brachioradialis jerk (and source)
radial nerve C5-6
218
nerve tested in bicep jerk (and source)
musculocutaneous nerve C5-6
219
nerve tested in tricep jerk (and source)
radial nerve C6-7
220
which 2 muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm are not innervated by the median nerve
what are they innervated by
flexor carpi ulnaris
medial half of flexor digitorum profundus
ulnar
