Foot and ankle conditions

Question 1

position of foot when flat and pointed (like a ballerina)

Answer 1

equinus

Question 2

what is pes planus

Answer 2

flat foot

think planus = plantar = plantar surface is flat on groud = flat footed

Question 3

2 types of flat feet

Answer 3

fixed and flexible

Question 4

which type of flat feet are completely normal and cause no problems

Answer 4

flexible flat feet

Question 5

what is significant about fixed flat feet

Answer 5

painful

Question 6

aetiology of flat feet in adults (not childhood problem)

Answer 6

tibialis posterior dysfunction

Question 7

what is pes cavus

Answer 7

high arched foot

think cavus = cave = cave are arched = high arched foot

Question 8

aetiology of pes cavus (2)

Answer 8

idiopathic

neurological

Question 9

aetiology of UNILATERAL pes cavus (high arched foot) (1)

Answer 9

polio

Question 10

neurological problems associated with pes cavus (high arched foot) (3)

Answer 10

polio
spina bifida
cerebral palsy

Question 11

how can the toes present in pes cavus (high arched foot)

Answer 11

clawing of toes

Question 12

what is plantar fasciitis

Answer 12

thickening of plantar fascia

Question 13

aetiology of plantar fasciitis (3)

Answer 13

incorrect footwear
excessive exercise
obesity/diabetes

Question 14

when is the pain worse is plantar fasciitis

Answer 14

when walking after rest

Question 15

how does plantar fasciitis present (3)

Answer 15

pain
swelling
tenderness

Question 16

treatment of plantar fasciitis (3+1 not)

Answer 16

self limiting over 18-24 months 
physio 
pain relief 
steroid injections
NOT surgery

Question 17

plantar fasciitis is self limiting, how long does it take to go away

Answer 17

18-24 months

Question 18

whats the common name for hallux valgus

Answer 18

bunion

Question 19

aetiology of hallux valgus (bunion)

Answer 19

improper footwear

old age

Question 20

who are bunions (hallux valgus) most common

Answer 20

elderly women (think inappropriate footwear (heels) and old age risk factors)

Question 21

why are the small toes sore in a bunion (hallux valgus)

Answer 21

big toe isnt doing its job properly = more pressure on them

Question 22

treatment of bunion (hallux valgus) (4)

Answer 22

shoe modification
padding between first 2 toes
pain relief
surgery - last line

Question 23

what is hallux rigidus

Answer 23

osteoarthritis of first MTP

Question 24

treatment of hallux rigidus

Answer 24

pain relief
appropriate footwear

surgery last line

Question 25

presentation of hallux rigidus

Answer 25

lump above 1st MTP (on dorsal surface not medially lime a bunion)

Question 26

which rheumatological condition is bunions associated with

Answer 26

rheumatoid arthritis

Question 27

mortons neuroma pathophysiology

Answer 27

degenerative fibrosis of digital nerve near its birufrcation in toe = neuroma forms

Question 28

which group of people are most likely to get a Mortons neuroma

Answer 28

young women (think bc of heels)

Question 29

how does mortons neuroma present

Answer 29

pain tingling loss of sensation in affected toes pain when squeezing MTP joints

Question 30

treatment of mortons neuroma

Answer 30

stretching appropriate shoes steroids surgery

Question 31

aetiology of Achilles tendonitis

Answer 31

repetitive stress on tendon and failure of collagen repair

Question 32

what are steroids and ciprofloxacin risk factors for

Answer 32

Achilles tendonitis

Question 33

which test is negative in Achilles tendonitis

Answer 33

Simmonds test - squeeze gastrocnemius and Achilles tendon should contract (wont in Achilles tendonitis

Question 34

treatment of Achilles tendonitis (5+1 not)

Answer 34

``` rest short term - to allow repair movement long term - to strengthen tendon splint pain management surgery - last resort ``` NOT steroid injections

Question 35

complications of Achilles tendonitis

Answer 35

Achilles tendon rupture

Question 36

positive Simmonds test

Answer 36

Achilles tendon rupture

Question 37

treatment of Achilles tendon rupture

Answer 37

surgery

Question 38

4 types of toe deformity

Answer 38

claw toe hammer toe mallet toe curly toe

Question 39

treatment of toe deformities

Answer 39

surgery if painful - tendon transfer or amputation

Question 40

which type of ankle sprain (lateral or medial ligament) is more common

Answer 40

lateral ligament

Question 41

what does a lateral ligament ankle sprain cause (inversion or eversion)

Answer 41

inversion

Question 42

what does a medial ligament ankle sprain cause (inversion or eversion

Answer 42

eversion

Question 43

treatment of ankle sprains (3)

Answer 43

RICE - rest, ice, compress, elevated physio surgery - last resort

Question 44

do fractures or sprains take longer to heel

Answer 44

sprains

Question 45

treatment of ankle dislocation (soft tissue and bone problem)

Answer 45

splints | physio

Question 46

high energy fall on foot without fracture

Answer 46

subtalar dislocation

Question 47

subtalar dislocation treatment

Answer 47

open reduction, cast for 3 weeks

Question 48

subtalar dislocation complication

Answer 48

AVN | know this for exams!

Question 49

2nd metatarsal flake fracture | hyper plantar flexed foot

Answer 49

tarso-metatarsal dislocation (linsfranc fracture dislocation)