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J MSK > PHYSIOLOGY - muscle, bone, cartilage, joints > Flashcards

PHYSIOLOGY - muscle, bone, cartilage, joints Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

is skeletal muscle voluntary/involuntary and striated/unstriated

A

voluntary

striated

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2
Q

is smooth muscle voluntary/involuntary and striated/unstriated

A

involuntary

unstriated

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3
Q

is cardiac muscle voluntary/involuntary and striated/unstriated

A

involuntary

striated

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4
Q

what is a motor unit in skeletal muscle

A

single alpha motor neuron + all the muscle fibres it innervates (depending on the function the number of muscle fibres is different)

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5
Q

in something with precision (eg eye movement) are there lots or few muscle fibres in each motor unit

A

few

just have lots of motor units

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6
Q

in something with power over precision (eg muscles) are there lots or few muscle fibres in each motor unit

A

lots

no point in having lots of motor units/alpha motor neurones if all the muscles fibres are being programmed to do the same thing

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7
Q

is myosin a thick or thin filament

A

thick

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8
Q

is actin a thick or thin filament

A

thin

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9
Q

in muscle contraction, where does the Ca2+ come from

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

what happens when Ca2+ is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle fibres

A

binds to troponin on actin

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11
Q

is Ca2+ present or absent when contraction occurs

A

present

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12
Q

is Ca2+ present or absent when relaxation occurs

A

absent (it is actually released)

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13
Q

is ATP required for muscle contraction to occur

A

yes

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14
Q

is ATP required for muscle relaxation to occur

A

yes

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15
Q

where is the Ca2+ pumped into when muscle relaxation occurs

A

from actin myosin crossbridge to sarcoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

why does rigor mortis happen

A

bc theres no ATP for relaxation of muscles

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17
Q

what are the components of muscle tension (3)

A

number of muscle fibres involved
frequency of stimulation of fibres
summation of contractions

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18
Q

what happens when an action potential occurs before the previous twitch is finished

A

twitch summation (can eventually turn into one strong contraction)

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19
Q

how does twitching of muscles happen in cardiac muscle

A

it doesnt!

long refractory period prevents twitching from happening

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20
Q

what is the physiology of isotonic contraction

when is it used

A

muscle tension stays the same
length of fibre changes

(isoTonic = Tension same)

body movement and moving objects

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21
Q

what is the physiology of isomeric contraction

when is it used

A

length of muscle stays the same
muscle tension increases

maintain body pressure eg holding something for a long time

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22
Q

what are slow oxidative muscle fibres used for

A

prolonged low work aerobic activities

eg walking, posture

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23
Q

what are there lots of in slow oxidative muscle fibres

A

mitochondria (bc they need oxygen)

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24
Q

what are fast oxidative muscle fibres used for

A

prolonged but moderate work activities

eg jogging

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25
do we have many fast oxidative muscles
no mainly slow oxidative and fast glytolytic muscle fibres
26
what are fast glytolytic muscle fibres used for
high intensity activities | eg jumping
27
what are there lots of in fast glytolytic muscle fibres (2)
glycogen enzymes for glycolysis not much mitochondria bc no oxygen needed
28
what are muscle spindles
sensory receptors for muscle stretching (increase firing when stretched)
29
what nerve is knee jerk testing
femoral
30
what nerve is ankle jerk testing
tibial
31
what nerve is biceps jerk testing
musculocutaneous
32
what nerve is brachioradialis jerk testing
radial
33
what nerve is triceps jerk testing
radial
34
how is cartilage nourished
diffusion from extracellular (it is avascular)
35
what are chondroblasts
immature chondrocytes
36
where are chondrocytes
in lacuna (extracellular matrix) of cartilage
37
what do chondrocytes secrete
extracellular matrix - water, type II collagen, proteoglycans
38
where do you find hyaline cartilage
nose | lots of places - most common
39
where do you find elastic cartilage
ear
40
where do you find fibrocartilage
pubic symphysis | intervertebral disc
41
is cartilage permeable
yes
42
is bone permeable
no
43
how are bones nourished
blood supply (vascular)
44
what are the blood vessel canals called that supply the bone
haversian canal | volkmanns canal
45
what is an osteocyte
cell in bone matrix 'Chews' bone
46
what is an osteoblast
bone forming cells on cell surface osteoBlast = bone is 'Born'
47
what is an osteoclast
responsible for bone resorption on cell surface osteoClast = bone is 'Chewed'
48
what is an osteoprogenitor cell
pool of reserve osteoblasts on bone surface
49
what happens to synovial fluid over time
replenished and absorbed
50
what colour is normal synovial fluid
clear and colourless
51
what is red synovial fluid caused by
haemorrhagic arthritis
52
what is yellow synovial fluid caused by
WBC inflammatory or septic arthritis
53
where is articular cartilage
on the articular surfaces of bones at joints
54
function of articular cartilage
lubrication, reduce wear and tear
55
what happens when the breakdown of extracellular matrix > synthesis of extracellular matrix
osteoarthritis
56
what happens when the breakdown of extracellular matrix < synthesis of extracellular matrix
rheumatoid arthritis
57
what are the contents of extracellular matrix
water type II collagen proteoglycans chondrocytes (make extracellular matrix)
58
where are muscle spindles which direction do they run
muscle belly parallel to muscle fibres
59
energy source for <4 secs eg weight lifting
ATP
60
energy source for <15 secs eg sprint
phosphocreatinine
61
energy source for <4mins
free circulating glucose
62
energy source for <77mins eg jog
glycogen stores
63
energy source for >4days
fat stores

J MSK (30 decks)

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