Anatomy Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
What is a collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS called?
A
Nucleus
2
Q
What is a collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS called?
A
Ganglion
3
Q
What do dendrites do?
A
Transport signal towards cell body
4
Q
What do axons do?
A
Transport signals away from the cell body
5
Q
What cells produce the myelin sheath in the PNS?
A
Schwaan cells
6
Q
What cells produce the myelin sheath in the CNS?
A
Oligodendrocytes
7
Q
What neuronss are usually motor polar?
A
Motor efferent
Skeletal muscles
8
Q
What neurons are usually unipolar?
A
Sensory afferent
9
Q
Where is the cell body located in unipolar neurons?
A
PNS
10
Q
Where is the cell body located in multipolar neurons?
A
CNS
11
Q
What are nerves?
A
Bundles of neurons surrounded by connective tissue and blood vessels.
12
Q
What are the two types of nerves?
A
Single or mixed modality
13
Q
What does it mean to be a mixed modality nerve?
A
Mixture of somatic motor somatic sensory and sympathetic grouped together.
14
Q
Sympathetic outflow is…
A
Thoracolumbar T1 to L2
15
Q
Where are sympathetic cell bodies located ?
A
Lateral Horn
16
Q
Upon leaving the spinal column where do the sympathetic neurons pass?
A
Anterior Rami
Spinal Nerve
White Rami
Sympathetic Trunk
17
Q
What are the four routes presynaptic axons take in the sympathetic trunk?
A
- Ascend then synapse
- Synapse at level of entry
- Descend and then synapse
- Pass through sympathetic trunk to synapse at prevertebral ganglia.
18
Q
If a sympathetic nerve synapses within the sympathetic trunk it…
A
Synapses at paravertebral ganglia
19
Q
If a sympathetic nerve synapses outside of the sympathetic trunk it….
A
Synapses at prevertebral ganglia
20
Q
What make up spinal nerves?
A
Somatic motor sensory and sympathetic neurones
21
Q
In order to supply abdominopelvic organs where do sympathetic neurones synapse?
A
Prevertebral ganglia
22
Q
List the 4 Prevertebral ganglia associated with the abdominopelvic organs?
A
Celiac Ganglion
Aorticorenal ganglion
Superior Mesenteric Ganglion
Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion
23
Q
Roughly where does the celiac ganglion innovate?
A
Foregut
24
Q
Roughly where does the aorticorenal ganglion innovate?
A
Kidneys
25
Roughly where does the SMG innovate?
Midgut
26
Roughly where does the IMG innovate?
Hindgut
| Pelvic and Perineal plexus
27
Where do sympathetic neurones directly synapse onto the target organ?
Adrenal Medulla on the kidney
28
Parasympathetic output is....
Craniosacral
29
What cranial nerves are parasympathetic?
CN III Oculomotor
CN VII Facial
CN IX Glossopharyngeal
CN X Vagus
30
At 4 weeks what are the three layers that make up the neuro system?
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
31
What does the prosencephalon develop into?
Telencephalon
| Diencephalon
32
What does the telencephalon become?
Cerebral Hemisphere
33
What does the Diencephalon become?
Thalamus and hypothalamus
34
What does the Mesencephalon become in the developed brain?
Midbrain pons and medula
35
What does the rhombencephalon develop into?
Metencephalon
| Mylencephalon
36
The mesencephalon and mylencephalon form which parts of the fully developed brain?
Midbrain
| Pons
37
What are the four types of glial cells
Atrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal
38
Astrocytes
Star shaped
| Maintain the Blood Brain Barrier
39
Oligodendrocytes
Produce myelin sheath within the CNS
40
Microglia
Similar function to macrophages
| Found in an inactive state
41
Ependymal
Ciliated cuboidal epithelium that line the ventricles
| Not the BBB
42
What is a gyrus?
Lumps
43
What is a fissure?
A deep invagination
44
What are sulci?
Furrows/ Grooves
45
Within the brain what is grey matter?
Lines the outside
| Huge number of neurones cell bodies synapses etc
46
Within the brain what is the white matter?
Medullary centre
| Axons mostly myelinated
47
What forms the thalamus and why is this interesting?
Grey matter
Located within the brain
Think the brain is a folded tube
48
What is different about the spinal chord?
Grey matter forms the centre and is surrounded by white matter.
49
What separates the parietal and frontal lobes?
Central sulcus
50
What separates the parietal and occipital lobes?
Parieto occipital sulcus
51
What separates the occipital from the cerebelum?
Preoccipital notch
52
What are the three meningeal layers?
Dura Matter
Arachnoid matter
Pia Matter
53
Dura Matter
Tough outer layer
54
Arachnoid Matter
Middle layer
| Sub arachnoid space contains CSF
55
Pia Matter
Directly attached to surface of the brain
| Shiny appearance as few cells thick
56
How many ventricles are there?
4
2 x lateral
3rd
4th
57
What connects the two lateral and the third ventricles?
Interventricular foramen
58
What connects the third to the fourth ventricle?
Cerebral aqueduct
59
What two plexus make up the enteric nervous system?
Myenteric plexus
| Submucosal plexus
60
Where would you find the enteric nervous system?
Digestive system
61
Where would you find the myenteric plexus?
Between the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers
62
Where would you find the submucosal plexus?
Located within the mucosa
63
What major blood vessel supplies the anterior portion of the brain?
Interior carotid arteries
64
Upon entering the brain what vessels do the internal carotids form?
Anterior Cerebral arteries
| Middle Cerebral arteries
65
The two intervertebral arteries combine in the brain to from what?
Basilar arteries
66
What does the basilar artery form?
Posterior cerebral arteries
67
What small vessels connect the anterior of the circle of willis to the posterior?
Posterior communicating artery
68
How are sinuses formed?
Separation of the two layers of dura matter.
69
What are the two layers of dura?
Periosteal faces the bone
| Meningeal
70
What vessels drains blood from the brain?
Cerebral veins
71
The cerebral veins empty into...
Superior or inferior sagittal sinus
72
Where is the confluence of the two sinuses?
Midline of the internal occipital protuberance
73
Where do the sinuses empty into?
Internal jugular vein
74
In which meningeal layer does the circle of willis sit within?
Sub arachnoid space
| Its bathed in CSF
75
How many spinal nerves are there?
```
31
8 Cervical
12 Thorasic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1 Coccygeal
```
76
Why are there 8 cervical nerves but only 7 vertebrae?
Cervical nerves originate superiorly to the vertebrae and then at 7 they start originating inferiorly.
77
Where is the only spinal nerves are found?
Within the intervertebral foramina
78
Posterior Rootlets have what modality?
Sensory
79
Anterior rootlets have what modality?
Motor and sympathetic
80
What does the posterior rami supply?
Posterior body wall
81
What does the anterior rami supply?
Anterolateral body wall
82
Spinal meninges are continuous with cranial? T/F
True pass through the foramen magnum
83
What suspends the spinal canal within the spine?
Denticulate ligaments - formed of pial and arachnoid tissue
84
White matter within the spinal chord
Longitudianlly orientated nerve fibres, glial cells and blood vessels.
85
Grey matter within the spinal chord
Neuronal cell process synapses glial cells and blood vessels.
86
What forms the columns and what divides them?
White matter
| Horns of grey matter divide it up
87
How do posterior horns help to determine the orientation of a specimen?
Posterior horns extend to almost the border. They are much longer.
88
What differentiates the spinal column between T1 - L2?
They have a lateral horn made up of preganglionic sympathetic neurones
89
What artery supplies the anterior portion of the spine running down the length anteriorly?
Anterior spinal artery
90
What arteries supply the posterior portion of the spine?
2 x posterior spinal artery
91
What spinal arteries are derived from intercostal or lumbar arteries?
Segmental arteries
92
What arteries supply the anterior and posterior rootlets?
Radicular
93
What ligament connects the tips of the spinous process ?
Supraspinous Ligaments
94
Which ligament connects the inferior and superior surfaces of adjacent spinous process?
Interspinous Ligaments
95
Which ligament prevents over extension of the spine?
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
96
What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?
Broad and strong it helps support the discs
97
Which ligament prevents over flexion of the spine?
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
98
What is the strong outer layer of the intervertebral discs?
Annulous Firbrous
99
What is the softer inner layer that cushions the vertebrae?
Nucleus Pulposus
100
Where do synovial joints between adjacent vertebrae attach?
Superior Articular Process
101
Where do the ribs articulate with the vertebrae?
Transverse Process
102
What are three regions of the cerebellum?
Anterior - smaller
Posterior - larger
Floculonodular - runs interiorly
103
What attaches the cerebellum to the brain stem?
Three peduncles
Superior
Middle - largest
Inferior
104
Small bumps on the cerebellum are referred to as what?
Folia
105
What are the small cuts into the surface of the cerebellum called?
Sulcus
106
What is the function of the floculonodular node?
Coordinates the input from the vestibular system
107
What are the three cell layers of the grey matter within the cerebellum?
Molecular
Purkinje
Granule
108
What is the job of the Purkinje layer within the grey mater of the cerebellum?
Transport afferent inputs
109
What is the Arbor Vitea?
White matter of the cerebellum
110
Where is the grey matter located in the cerebellum?
Superficially and the dentate nuclei located deep to the arbor vitea.
111
Where does the spinal chord end?
Conus Medullaris us found roughly L1-L2
