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Anatomy anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A
  • Epithelia
  • nervous
  • connective
  • muscle
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2
Q

What is epithelia tissue?

A
  • continuous sheets of cells that cover most body surfaces, organs, cavities and tubes
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3
Q

What does epithelia do?

A
  • protect underlying tissues
  • transport of materials
  • barrier between internal and external environment
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4
Q

What is surface epithelia?

A
  • cover body surfaces and organs
  • lines hollow structures
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5
Q

What is the apical surface of epithelia cells?

A
  • faces external environment or lumen of tissue
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6
Q

What are the properties of epithelial cells?

A
  • basement membrane
  • polarity
  • contiguous adhesive
  • no direct blood supply
  • high mitotic activity
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7
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A
  • thin protein layer which lies deep in epithelium
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8
Q

Function of the basement membrane

A
  • support and anchor epithelium to adjacent tissue
  • physical and selective diffusion barrier between epithelium and adjacent tissue
  • essential for epithelial cell proliferation and polarisation
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9
Q

What are merocrine glands?

A
  • secrete from apical cell surface
  • exocytosis
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10
Q

What are apocrine glands?

A
  • lead to partial loss of apical parts of cell
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11
Q

What are holocrine glands?

A
  • secrete entire cell and its products
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12
Q

What is cleavage?

A
  • series of mitotic division
  • egg cytoplasm divide into more nucleated cells
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13
Q

What cell types is a blastocyst comprised of?

A
  • Trophoblast: contacts with endometrium of uterus to facilitate implantation and formation of placenta
  • embryoblast: responsible for formation of embryo itself
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14
Q

On what day does embryonic implantation begin?

A
  • day 6. attachment of blastocyst to endometrial epithelium
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15
Q

What does the trophoblast divide into?

A
  • synctiotrophoblast
  • cytotrophoblast
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16
Q

What comprises the bilaminar disc?

A
  • epiblast: formation of amniotic cavity
  • hypoblast
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17
Q

What happens in the third week of embryonic development?

A
  • gastrulation. Bilaminar turns into trilaminar disc.
  • primitive streak becomes source for germ layers.
  • epiblast further specialises into ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
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18
Q

What is the extracellular matrix (ECM) in connective tissue comprised of?

A
  • fibres and ground substance of proteins
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19
Q

What are the main cells of connective tissue?

A
  • fibroblast: secrete proteins that maintain ECM
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20
Q

What does CT proper depend on?

A
  • proportion of matrix vs cells
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21
Q

What fibres are in ECM of CT?

A
  • collagen
  • reticular
  • elastic
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22
Q

What is ground substance of ECM made out of?

A
  • complex carbohydrates (GAGs) and carbohydrate chains linked to proteins
  • fluid binds to molecules to provide: volume and compression resistance, role in passage of molecules/cells
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23
Q

What is loose connective tissue?

A
  • rich in cells and ground substance, few fibres
  • good for molecular/cellular diffusion
  • lacks tensile strength
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24
Q

What is dense connective tissue?

A
  • rich in fibres, little ground substance and sparse cells
  • high tensile strength
  • irregular: random arrangement. resist forces multidirectionally
  • regular: linear arrangement to resist forces unilaterally
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25
What are the properties of muscular tissue?
- electrical excitability - contractile - extensible - elastic
26
What are the three different types of muscle found in the body?
- skeletal - cardiac - smooth
27
What are aponeuroses?
- flat sheet of CT which indirectly connects skeletal muscle to the skeleton
28
What are fascia/septa?
- CT between/around individual muscles. - septa separate groups of muscles into compartments
29
What is retinaculum?
- thickening of fascia that retain structures in place
30
In the somatic NS, which neurons carry sensory information?
- pseudo-unipolar - bipolar
31
Multipolar neurons in somatic NS concern what type of information?
- motor
32
What are glial cells?
- major scaffolding components of nervous tissue - can be divided into macro and microglia
33
What are the glial cells in the peripheral NS?
- Schwann - satellite
34
What are the glial cells in the CNS?
- oligodendrocytes - astrocytes - ependymal - microglia
35
Role of Schwann cells
- support both myelinated and unmyelinated neurons - derived from neural crest
36
Role of oligodendrocytes
- process myelinated segments of multiple axons - CNS
37
Role of astrocytes
- physical and metabolic support for CNS. Regulates microenvironment for signalling - maintenance of blood brain barrier - most abundant cell in brain
37
Role of ependymal cells
- line ventricles and central canal - produce, secrete absorb and propel CSF
38
Role of microglia
- phagocytotic - active in regions of injury and inflammation
39
Dorsal root ganglia contain which cell bodies?
- neurons from posterior root carrying sensory fibres
40
Where does the posterior/dorsal rami travel?
- backwards - divide into branches which supply post-vertebral structures - provide motor innervation to deep muscles in the back
41
Where does the anterior/ventral rami travel?
- supply skin and muscles of limbs and anterior trunk
42
What are the three layers to the meninges?
- dura mater - arachnoid mater - pia mater (immediately hugging spinal cord)
43
White rami communicates?
- carry preganglionic sympathetic fibres - found only at T1/2 levels
44
Grey rami communicates?
- carry postganglionic sympathetic fibres - exist at all levels of vertebrae
45
Where is grey matter found in the brain?
- outermost portion of cerebrum and cerebellum
46
What outflow is the sympathetic NS?
- thoracolumbar - T1-L2/3
47
What are the different actions preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic NS can take?
- synapse in chain at same level - synapse in chain at different levels (ascend or descend) - traverse chain and go straight to splanchnic nerves
48
What types of distribution can the sympathetic NS do?
- parietal - visceral
49
What is parietal distribution?
- reaching all parts of body wall/skin - eliciting vasomotor, sudomotion, pilomotion
50
What is visceral distribution?
- to organs - via splanchnic nerves
51
What outflow is parasympathetic NS?
- craniosacral - cranial nerves from brainstem (III,VII,IX,X) - grey matter of S2-4
52
Function of the skin
- protection - thermoregulation - excretion of sweat - vitamin D synthesis - sensory reception
53
What are the layers of the skin?
- epidermis (epithelium) - dermis (CT) - hypodermis/subcutaneous (CT)
54
Classify epidermis epithelium
- stratified squamous keratinised - waterproofing
55
What layer of the epidermis is only present in thick skin (palms and soles)?
- stratum lucidum
56
What are the four layers present in all skin epidermis?
- stratum basale - stratum spinosum - stratum granulosum - stratum corneum
57
Classify dermis CT
- papillary layer: loose CT - reticular layer: dense irregular CT
58
How is the papillary layer of the dermis characterised?
- have dermal papillae which are irregular projections which interlace with epidermal ridges
59
Classify hypodermis tissue
- primarily adipose segregated by loose CT
60
What muscle originates in the hypodermis?
- arrector pili muscle - connected to hair follicle
61
What are the different skin appendages?
- hair and hair follicles - glands - nails
62
Describe sebaceous glands
- branched acinar glands producing sebum - waterproofing and protection - associated with and secrete in hair follicles - located between follicle and arrector pili muscle
63
What are the two main parts of the nail?
- nail plate: several layers of dead compacted cells - nail bed: beneath nail plate. comprises dermis and epidermis' many nerves and vessels
64
What are the two type of sweat glands?
- eccrine : abundant - apocrine : limited to areola, axilla, anal and external genital region
65
Describe the structure of eccrine sweat glands
- coiled tubular glands - distal secretory part (simple cuboidal epithelial) - myoepithelial cells - narrow duct (stratified cuboidal epithelium
66
What is the role of eccrine sweat glands?
- thermo-regulation - protection - excretion
67
Describe apocrine sweat gland structure
- coiled tubular glands - have wider lumen - open in hair follicles
68
What is the role of apocrine sweat glands?
- become functional at puberty, secretion believed to be pheromone
69
Where are the free sensory neurons in the skin?
- epidermis: between keratinocytes or attached to Merkel cells to detect pain, heat, cold and fine discriminative touch - dermis: around hair follicles to detect hair displacement
70
Where are the encapsulated sensory neurons in the skin?
- Pacinian corpuscle: hypodermis. pressure and vibration - Meissner's corpuscle: dermis. light touch
71
What makes shoulder dislocations more common?
- very loose capsule.
72
Where the capsule of the Glenohumeral Joint attached to?
- medially to margin of glenoid cavity - laterally to anatomical neck of the humerus
73
What does the synovial membrane in the glenohumeral joint do?
- lines capsule - forms tubular sheath for tendon of biceps brachii
74
What are bursae?
- small fluid filled sacs - located around capsule to assist mobility - avoids direct contact of bones
75
What is the arterial blood supply of the elbow joint?
- radial artery - ulnar artery - superficial palmar venous arch
76
What is the venous blood supply of the elbow joint?
- cephalic vein - basilic vein - median cubital vein
77
What posteriorly innervates the elbow joint?
- ulnar nerve - branch of the radial nerve
78
What anteriorly innervates the elbow joint?
- musculocutaneous nerve - median nerve - radial nerve
79
What muscles assist in pronation of the arm?
- pronator quadratus - pronator teres
80
What muscles assist in supination?
- supinator - biceps brachii
81
What does the cubital fossa contain?
- median nerve - bifurcation of brachial artery - biceps muscle tendon - radial nerve
82
What is the function of cartilage?
- support so soft tissue does not collapse on itself - acts as shock absorber and protective covering - forms template of long bones
83
What is the perichondrium?
- dense CT layer surrounding hyaline and elastic cartilage
84
Why is the perichondrium important?
- essential for growth and viability of cartilage - contains nerves, lymphatic and blood vessels
85
Structure of the perichondrium
- two layers - outer: fibrous with collagen type 1 fibres and fibroblasts - inner: abundant cartilage progenitor cells
86
What three cells are present in cartilage?
-chondrogenic/chondroprogenitor cells: stems cells in inner layer of perichondrium - chondroblasts: synthesis and secrete ECM around them. lie between perichondrium and cartilage matrix - chondrocytes: large round mature cells lie in lacunae within ECM
87
What does cartilage ECM comprise of?
- ground substance: proteoglycans providing resilience, water providing smooth and rubbery nature - fibres: mainly collagen and elastic fibres depending on type of cartilage. provide tensile strength
88
What are the four general steps of chondrogenesis?
- mesenchyme cell condensation - cell differentiation - matrix secretion - maturation into chondrocytes
89
Explain what happens in mesenchymal cell aggregation
- stem cells in embryonic mesoderm aggregate at sites of future cartilage formation - results in cluster of pre-chondrocytes
90
Explain what happens in mesenchymal differentiation
- surrounding mesenchyme differentiates into perichondrium - chondroblasts start secreting ECM
91
Explain what happens in chondroblast maturation
- chondroblasts become trapped in own ECM and mature into chondrocytes, residing in lacunae - chondrocytes undergo mitosis, expanding cartilage matrix
92
What is interstitial growth in cartilage?
- divide of chondrocytes from within cartilage, expansion from within - grows in length
93
What is appositional growth in cartilage?
- differentiation of cells from surface perichondrium - synthesis of new cells and matrix - cartilage expands, widens
94

Anatomy (11 decks)

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