Anatomy: Joints of the Lower Limb

Question 1

Name the 3 articulations of the knee

Answer 1

2 between the femur and the tibia (femorotibeal), 1 between the femur and the patella (femoropatellar)

Question 2

Which knee ligament is the arrow indicating?

Answer 2

Anterior cruciate ligament

Question 3

When is the knee able to slightly medially and laterally rotate?

Answer 3

When the knee is flexed to 90°

Question 4

Which nerve supplies both the hip and the knee, which can result in hip pain radiating or being referred to the knee?

Answer 4

Obturator nerve

Question 5

What is the function of the medial collateral ligament?

Answer 5

Resists valgus stress

Question 6

Which joint surface has the thickest hyaline cartilage in th body?

Answer 6

Retropatellar surface (knee)

Question 7

Name the movements of the subtalar joint

Answer 7

Inversion (tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior) and eversion (fibularis muscles)

Question 8

Name the action performed by the following muscles:

Iliopsoas, rectus femoris, sartorius, pectineus

Answer 8

Flexion of the hip

Question 9

What are the interphalangeal joints?

Answer 9

Synovial hinge joints which allow flexion and extension of the toes

Question 10

What is the suprapatellar bursa?

Answer 10

Extension of the synovial cavity of the knee, located between the quadriceps femoris and the femur

Question 11

Why does damage to the medial collateral ligament usually result in a medial meniscal tear?

Answer 11

In addition to the intercondylar attachment, the medial meniscus is fixed to the medial collateral ligament

Question 12

Which knee ligament is the arrow indicating?

Answer 12

Medial collateral ligament

Question 13

Name the attachments of the menisci

Answer 13

Attached at both ends to the intercondylar area of the tibia (C shaped)

Question 14

What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament?

Answer 14

Resists internal rotation of the tibia in extension and anterior subluxation of the tibia onto the femur

Question 15

What is an ‘unhappy triad’ knee injury?

Answer 15

Medial menisci, medial collateral, anterior cruciate

Question 16

The integrity of which ligament is tested by the posterior drawer test?

Answer 16

Posterior cruciate ligament

Question 17

What type of joint is the hip joint?

Answer 17

Ball and socket type synovial joint

Question 18

Name the action performed by the following muscles:

Biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, piriformis, assisted by the obturators, gemilli and quadratus femoris

Answer 18

Lateral rotation of the hip

Question 19

Name the movements of the midtarsal joint

Answer 19

Inversion (tibialis anterior and tibialis posterio) and eversion (fibularis muscles)

Question 20

Name the attachments of the patellar ligament

Answer 20

Continuation of the quadriceps femoris tendon distal to the patella that attaches to the tibial tuberosity

Question 21

What is the function of the menisci?

Answer 21

‘Shock absorbers’, act to distribute load evenly

Question 22

Which knee ligament is the arrow indicating?

Answer 22

Patellar ligament

Question 23

What type of joint is the knee joint?

Answer 23

Hinge type synovial joint

Question 24

Which knee ligament is the arrow indicating?

Answer 24

Posterior cruciate ligament

Question 25

What are the metatarsophalangeal joints?

Answer 25

Synovial joints which allow flexion, extension, abduction, adductoin and circumduction of the digits

Question 26

Which knee ligament is the arrow indicating?

Answer 26

Lateral collateral ligament

Question 27

Name the components of the leg extensor mechanism from proximal to distal

Answer 27

Quadriceps muscle, quadriceps tendon, patella, patellar tendon

Question 28

Name the arteries which supply the hip joint

Answer 28

Medial and lateral circumflex arteries - usually from deep femoral arteries Artery to head of femur - more important in children \<4 years, usually becomes obliterated in the adult

Question 29

What is the midtarsal joint?

Answer 29

Made up of 2 synovial joints - calcaenocubiod and talocalcaneonavicular joints

Question 30

Name attachments of the medial collateral ligament

Answer 30

Proximally attaches to the medial epicondyle of the femur, distally it attaches to the medial condyle of the tibia

Question 31

Which ligament of the hip is ruptured during hip dislocation?

Answer 31

Ligament to head of femur (ligamentum teres)

Question 32

Name the action performed by the following muscles: Anterior fibres of gluteus medius and minimus, tensor fascia latae

Answer 32

Medial rotation of the hip

Question 33

What is the function of the posterolateral corner (PCL, LCL, popliteus and other smaller ligaments)?

Answer 33

Resist external rotation of the tibia in flexion

Question 34

What is the function of the posterior cruciate ligament?

Answer 34

Resists posterior subluxation of the tibia onto the femur and hyperextension of the knee

Question 35

Name the action performed by the following muscles: Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis and tensor fascia latae

Answer 35

Abduction of the hip

Question 36

Name the action performed by the following muscles: Adductors longus, brevis and magnus, pectineus and gracilis

Answer 36

Adduction of the hip

Question 37

Name the action performed by the following muscles: Hamstrings and gracilis

Answer 37

Medial rotation of the knee

Question 38

Name the action performed by the following muscles: Gluteus maximus, semimembranosus, semitendinosus and biceps femoris (the hamstrings)

Answer 38

Extension of the hip

Question 39

Name the action performed by the following muscle: Biceps femoris

Answer 39

Lateral rotation of the knee

Question 40

What is the subtalar joint?

Answer 40

Synovial joint between the talus and the calcaneus

Question 41

How does the iliotibial tract stabilise the knee joint

Answer 41

The bottom of the band attaches to the top of the tibia

Question 42

What is the tarsometatarsal joint?

Answer 42

Joint between the cuneiforms/cubiod proximally at the metatarsals

Question 43

Name the intracapsular ligament of the hip

Answer 43

Ligament to head of femur (ligamentum teres)

Question 44

Name the two articulatory surfaces of the hip joint

Answer 44

Pelvic acetabulum and the head of the femur

Question 45

Name the action performed by the following muscles: Hamstrings and gastrocnemius

Answer 45

Flexion of the knee

Question 46

Name the attachments of the posterior cruciate ligament

Answer 46

Attaches at the posterior intercondylar region of the tibia and ascends anteriorly to attach to the medial femoral condyle

Question 47

Name the action performed by the following muscle: Quadriceps femoris

Answer 47

Extension of the knee

Question 48

Name the extracapsular ligaments of the knee

Answer 48

Patellar ligament, lateral collateral ligament, medial collateral ligament

Question 49

Which knee ligament is the arrow indicating?

Answer 49

Lateral meniscus

Question 50

Genu valgum can be associated with the loss of which knee ligament?

Answer 50

Lateral menisci

Question 51

What is the acetabular labrum?

Answer 51

Horseshoe shaped fibrocartilaginous ring around the acetabulum that provides a larger articular surface, increasing stability of the hip joint

Question 52

What is the function of the lateral collateral ligament?

Answer 52

Resists varus stress and abnormal external rotation of the ligaments

Question 53

Name the attachments of the anterior cruciate ligament

Answer 53

Attaches at the anterior intercondylar region of the tibia where it blends with the medial meniscus, ascends laterally and posteriorly to attach to the lateral femoral condyle

Question 54

Genu varum can be associated with the loss of which knee ligament?

Answer 54

Medial menisci

Question 55

Name attachments of the lateral collateral ligament

Answer 55

Attaches proximally to the lateral epicondyle of the femur, distally it attaches to a depression on the lateral surface of the fibular head

Question 56

Which knee ligament is the arrow indicating?

Answer 56

Medial meniscus

Question 57

Name the three extracapsular ligaments of the hip

Answer 57

Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral

Question 58

Which knee ligament is the arrow indicating?

Answer 58

Medial collateral ligament

Question 59

What is the function of the suprapatellar bursa?

Answer 59

Reduces friction on the quadriceps tendon during knee movements

Question 60

The integrity of which ligament is tested by the anterior drawer test?

Answer 60

Anterior cruciate ligament

Question 61

Name the intra-articular ligaments of the knee

Answer 61

Anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament

Question 62

Which structure forms the extracapsular ligaments of the hip?

Answer 62

Thick part of the fibrous layer of the joint capsule