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From Flashcardlet > Anatomy {last test} > Flashcards

Anatomy {last test} Flashcards

0
Q

Two oocytes released from the ovaries and fertilized (now zygotes) develop into what

A

Fraternal twins

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1
Q

What stimulates the lashing of sperm tails in the semen

A

Prostaglandins

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2
Q

Another name for fraternal twins

A

Dizygotic

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3
Q

A fertilized egg

A

Zygote

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4
Q

a single oocyte is fertilized the splits into two cell masses develops into what

A

Identical twins

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5
Q

What is another name for identical twins

A

Monozygotic

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6
Q

Identical twins are always what

A

The same sex

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7
Q

About __ hours after forming the zygote undergoes what

A

30 hours

Mitosis

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8
Q

When the zygote undergoes mitosis it creates 2 new what

A

Blastomeres

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9
Q

What type of cells the divide into smaller cells and multiply

A

Blastomeres

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10
Q

cells the divide into smaller cells and multiply is termed what

A

Cleavage

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11
Q

During cleavage cells move to the _____ which takes about how many days

A

Uterus

3 days

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12
Q

By the time cells reach the uterus during cleavage, the structure is a solid ball of ____ cells called a what?

A

16 cells

Morula

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13
Q

When the morula hollows out it forms a what

A

Blastocyst

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14
Q

A blastocyst attaches itself to where

A

The upper posterior wall of the uterus (endometrium)

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15
Q

The blastocyst gives rise to several what

A

Specialized stem cells

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16
Q

Certain cells on the inner fave of the blastocyst organize into a group called the

A

Inner cell mass

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17
Q

Inner mass marks the beginning of the what

A

Embryonic stage

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18
Q

The cell mass is called a _____ until the ___ week

A

Embryo

8th week

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19
Q

After the 8th week until birth, the offspring is called a

A

Fetus

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20
Q

When is placenta formed

A

During the embryonic stage

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21
Q

Cells surrounding the embryo, with the cells of the endometrium, form a complex vascular structure called the

A

Placenta

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22
Q

____ attaches the embryo to the uterine wall

A

Placenta

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23
Q

Placenta exchanges what 3 things in the embryo

A

Exchanges nutrients, gases, and waste

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24
Q

Nutrients, gases, and waste are exchanged between what

A

The maternal blood and the embryos blood

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25
Q

The _______ stage extends through the 8th week of _____ development

A

Embryonic stage

Prenatal development

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26
Q

The inner cell mass organizes into a flattened _____ disk with how many distinct layers

A

Embryonic disk

2 distinct layers

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27
Q

The outer distinct layer of an embryonic disk

A

Ectoderm

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28
Q

The inner distinct layer of an embryonic disk

A

Endoderm

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29
Q

The ectoderm and endoderm fold and for a third layer called the

A

Mesoderm

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30
Q

What forms from the three layers of the embryonic disk

A

All organs

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31
Q

The three layers of the embryonic disk are called the

A

Primary germ layers

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32
Q

The 2 week embryo with its 3 primary germ layers is called a

A

Gastrula

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33
Q

Ectoderm all cells give rise to what 5 things

A

1) Nervous system
2) Epidermis (skin)
3) Hair
4) Nails
5) Glands of skin

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34
Q

Gives rise to the nervous system, the epidermis, hair, nails,and glands of skin

A

Ectodermal cells

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35
Q

Mesodermal cells form all types of what 3 things

A

1) muscle tissue
2) bone tissue
3) blood marrow

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36
Q

Form all types of muscle tissue, bone tissue, and blood marrow

A

Mesodermal cells

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37
Q

Endodermal cells produce the linings of what 4 things

A

1) lining of the digestive tract
2) respiratory tract
3) urinary bladder
4) urethra

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38
Q

Produce the linings of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary bladder, and urethra

A

Endodermal cells

39
Q

The embryonic portion of the placenta is called the

A

Chorion

40
Q

What stage begins at the end of the 8th week of development and lasts until birth

A

Fetal stage

41
Q

What month do the upper limbs reach the relative length they will remain throughout development

A

3rd month

42
Q

When are the external reproductive organs distinguishable as male or female

A

12th week (3rd month)

43
Q

What 2 things happen in the 3rd month of development

A

Upper Limbs are done growing

Sex of fetus can be determined

44
Q

What other membrane develops around the embryo during the ___ week of the embryonic stage

A

Amnion

2nd week

45
Q

Fluid that fills the space between the amnion and the embryonic disk

A

Amniotic fluid

46
Q

Helps prevent jarring movements by the mother

A

Amniotic fluid

47
Q

Two extra-embryonic membranes that form during development are the

A

Yolk sac

Allantois

48
Q

Forms during the ___ week and attaches to the underside of the embryonic disk

A

2nd

Yolk sac

49
Q

The yolk sac forms what

A

Blood cells and cells that later become sex cells

50
Q

Forms during the ___ week and also forms blood cells and gives rise to the 2 umbilical arteries and vein

A

3rd week

Allantois

51
Q

The allantois forms what

A

Blood cells and the umbilical arteries (2) and veins (1)

52
Q

What month does the body grow rapidly and reaches a length up to 20 cm.

A

4th month

53
Q

A 4 month fetus will starlet and turn away from what, and may react to what

A

Bright light flashed on a women’s stomach

Sudden loud noises

54
Q

What month does growth slow and the lower limbs reach their final relative proportions and hair begins to grow on head

A

5th month

55
Q

What 2 thing happen to a fetus during the 4th month of development

A

Body grows rapidly (20 cm)

Sensitive to light and sound

56
Q

What 2 things happen to a fetus during the 5th month of development

A

Lower limbs are done (growth slows)

Hair grows on head

57
Q

What month does the fetus gain substantial weight and eyebrows and eye lashes grow

A

6th month

58
Q

What 2 things happen during the 6th month of development

A

Gains weight

Eyebrows and lashes grow

59
Q

What month is fat deposited in the subcutaneous tissues, the eyelids open, and the fetus is about 40 cm. long

A

7th month

60
Q

What 3 things happen during the 7th month of development

A

Fat is deposited into tissue
Eyelids open
Fetus is 40 cm. long

61
Q

In the 7th month where is fat deposited

A

Subcutaneous tissues

62
Q

What month is the fetus full term

A

End of the 9th month

63
Q

At the end of the ninth month the fetus is what

A

Full term

64
Q

Well developed nails and facing upside down with head facing cervix

A

Full term

65
Q

What transports blood rich in oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus

A

Umbilical veins

66
Q

Umbilical vein transports blood rich in oxygen and nutrients from the _______ to the _____

A

Placenta

Fetus

67
Q

About half of the blood carried from the umbilical vein passes into the what and the rest enters a vessel called the what

A

Liver

Ductus venosus

68
Q

Ductus venosus joins the what

A

inferior vena cava

69
Q

Blood from the inferior vena cava that enters the fetal right atrium is shunted directly into the ___ atrium through an opening in the _______

A

Left atrium

Atrial septum

70
Q

The atrial septum that carries blood from one side of the heart to the other is called the

A

Foramen ovale

71
Q

Most of the blood in the _________ _____ bypasses the lungs by entering a fetal vessel called the ________ _____

A

Pulmonary trunk

Ductus arteriosus

72
Q

What Connects the pulmonary trunk to the descending portion of the ______ ____

A

Ductus arteriosus

Aortic arch

73
Q

Begins at birth and extends to the end of the first 4 weeks

A

Neonatal period

74
Q

Beings at 4 weeks and lasts until 1 year

A

Infancy

75
Q

Newborns have a high what

A

Metabolic rate

76
Q

Newborns typically utilize stored fat for what

A

Energy

77
Q

As the blood pressure in the _____ atrium rises, the valve on the left side of ______ ______ closes the _____

A

Left atrium
Atrial septum
Foramen ovale

78
Q

What valve gradually fuses with the tissues along the margin of the what

A

Valve on the left side of the atrial septum

Foramen

79
Q

Drinking 1-2 alcoholic drinks a day by a pregnant women can result in what

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

80
Q

Small amounts of alcohol can alter fetal

A

Brain chemistry

81
Q

What should you avoid when pregnant or trying to become pregnant

A

Alcohol entirely

82
Q

A child with FAS has what 4 defects

A

Small head
Misshapen eyes
Flat face and nose

83
Q

FAS children grow _____ before and after birth. _____ is impaired

A

Grows Slowly

Intellect is impaired

84
Q

Teens and young adults with FAS are ____ and have ______ heads

A

Short

Small heads

85
Q

FAS people often lack ______ and _______ skills

A

Social and communication skills

86
Q

Third most common cause of mental retardation in newborns in the US

A

FAS

87
Q

Chemicals in cigarette smoke _____ a fetus

A

Stress

88
Q

5 defects caused by smoking

A

1) Poor growth before and after birth
2) Spontaneous abortion
3) Stillbirth
4) Prematurity
5) Low birth weight

89
Q

Birth to end of fourth week

A

Neonatal period

90
Q

6 major events of neonatal period

A

1) Respire
2) Eat
3) Digest nutrients
4) Excrete wastes
5) Regulate body temperature
6) Make cardiovascular adjustment

91
Q

End fourth week to one year

A

Infancy

92
Q

4 major events of infancy

A

1) Growth rate is high
2) Teeth begin to erupt
3) Muscular and Nervous systems mature (so coordination is possible)
4) Communication begins

93
Q

One year to puberty

A

Childhood

94
Q

5 major events of childhood

A

1) growth rate is high
2) deciduous teeth are replaced by permanent
3) muscular control is achieved
4) bladder and bowel controls established
5) intellectual abilities mature

From Flashcardlet (51 decks)

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