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Neurology > Anatomy of Back, Spine and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Anatomy of Back, Spine and Spinal Cord Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

What do the dimples at the bottom of the back indicate the position of?

A

Posterior superior iliac spines

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2
Q

What may ‘low back pain’ be due to?

A

Erector spinae strain

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3
Q

Where do extrinsic back muscles attach to?

A

Pectoral girdle

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4
Q

What are the rhomboids responsible for?

A

Retraction of the scapulae - pull the scapulae medially

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5
Q

What are extrinsic back muscles responsible for?

A

Movement of the upper limb

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6
Q

What do intrinsic back muscles act to do? (2)

A

Maintain posture

Move spine

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7
Q

Name the 2 groups of intrinsic back muscles and mention which ones are superficial and deep.

A 
Erector spinae (superficial)
Transversospinalis (deep)
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8
Q

What are the erector spinae muscles?

A

3 VERTICAL muscles groups located lateral to the spine

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9
Q

What do the erector spinae muscles attach to inferiorly?

A

SACRUM + ILIAC CREST via a common tendon

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10
Q

Name the 3 erector spinae muscles (from lateral to medial).

A

Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis

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11
Q

Where does the illiocostalis muscle attach to?

A

A rib

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12
Q

Where does the longissimus attach to?

A

A transverse process

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13
Q

Where does the spinals attach to?

A

A spinous process

think ‘s’ for spinous process

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14
Q

Where is the transversospinalis muscle located?

A

Between a transverse and spinous process of each vertebrae

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15
Q

Outline the nerve supply to the intrinsic back muscles.

A

Segmental - myotome

Posterior rami branches - cervical, thoracic, lumbar

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16
Q

Name the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall starting from superficial to deep.

A

Extrinsic oblique
Intrinsic oblique
Transvers abdominas

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17
Q

What muscles flex the spine?

A

Psoas major

Rectus abdominas

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18
Q

What muscles EXTEND the spine?

A

Erector spinae

Transversospinalis

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19
Q

Erector spinae muscles contract bilaterally. What happens if they contract unilaterally?

A

Lateral flexion

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20
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

33

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21
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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22
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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23
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

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24
Q

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

A

5 - fused to form 1

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25
How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?
5 - fused to form 1
26
What happens to vertebrae as you go from superior to inferior?
They get larger as you bear more weight | They then get smaller again as weight is transferred to the hips
27
Primary curvatures are...
Concave anteriorly
28
Secondary curvatures are...
Concave posteriorly
29
What may pregnancy lead to?
An exaggerated lumbar lordosis
30
What does the pedicle connect?
The arch to the body behind it
31
What does the lamina do?
Connect the transverse process to the spinous process
32
What do spinous processes provide?
A site for muscle and ligament attachment
33
What do the superior and inferior articular processes facilitate?
Mobility with adjacent spinal vertebra via synovial facet joints
34
What type of joint is found in vertebrae? Where is it found?
Synovial FACET joints | Between articular processes of adjacent joints
35
What is the function of the vertebral arch and what does it consist of?
Protect the spinal cord 2 x lamina 2 x pedicle
36
What does the vertebral foramina allow?
The spinal cord to pass through
37
Where do intervertebral foramen form? What do they allow?
Between adjacent vertebrae | Allow spinal nerves to pass through
38
What do spinal nerves become once they pass through the intervertebral foramen?
Anterior or posterior rami
39
What can the facet joints be affected by?
Arthritis
40
Where are intervertebral discs found?
Between bodies of adjacent vertebrae
41
Where in the spine is there no IVD's?
C1-C2 | Sacral and coccyx when fused
42
What are IVD's important for?
Weight and strength
43
What are IVD's made of?
Fibrous cartilage which will never ossify
44
Name the outer and inner part of IVD's.
``` Annulus fibrosus (OUT) Nucleus pulposus (IN) ```
45
What does the ligamentum flavum connect?
Adjacent laminae, posterior to the spinal cord
46
The ligamentum flavum is LONG
FALSE | Short
47
Describe the posterior longitudinal ligament. State its function.
Narrow + weak | Prevent over-flexion of the spine
48
Describe the anterior longitudinal ligament. State its function.
Broad + thick | Prevents over-extension of the spine
49
What does the supraspinous ligament do?
Connects the ends of all the spinous processes
50
What does the interspinous ligament do?
Connects superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent spinous processes
51
What are the common typical features of cervical vertebrae?
Transverse foramen | Bifid spinous process
52
What does the transverse foramen transmit?
Vertebral arteries
53
What vertebrae does not have a body or spinous process?
C1
54
What vertebral level has an odontoid process?
C2
55
What is the first palpable spinous process in most people?
C7
56
Where are atlanto-occipital joints located?
Between the occipital condyles
57
What type of joints are atlanto-occipital joints?
Synovial joints with a loose capsule
58
What movements do the atlanto-occipital joints facilitate?
Flexion and extension of the neck | 'YES' joint
59
What is the main movement of atlanto-axial joints?
Rotation
60
What does the caudal equina consist of?
Spinal roots of L2-C1
61
What does the sacral hiatus form due to?
Non fusion of the 2 parts of the sacrum
62
In caudal anaesthesia, where is local anaesthesia injected into?
Sacral hiatus
63
What is caudal anaesthesia used for?
To anaesthetise the sacral spinal nerve roots of the caudal equina
64
At what level does the spinal cord begin and end?
Begins at foramen magnum (C1) via the medulla and continues to L1/L2 to the conus medullaris
65
What is laminectomy used to access?
Spinal canal, posterior exposure of the spinal cord and/or spinal roots
66
What is laminectomy used for? Give examples.
Relieving pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots Tumour Herniated disc Bone hypertrophy
67
What does laminectomy involve?
Removal of one or more spinous process and the adjacent lamina

Neurology (42 decks)

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