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Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

What is sleep?

A

Normal, recurring, reversible state

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2
Q

What is lost during sleep?

A

The ability to respond to the external environment

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3
Q

Describe how sleep is both not conscious and not unconscious.

A

Non conscious - not able to respond to self and external environment
Not unconscious - as can respond when stimulated

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4
Q

When does NON-REM sleep occur?

A

At the start of the night

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5
Q

What proportion of sleep for young adults is NON-REM?

A

3/4

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6
Q

What is EEG activity like during NON-REM sleep?

A

Synchronised

Rhythmic

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7
Q

What happens to muscles during NON-REM?

A

They are partially relaxed

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8
Q

What happens to cerebral blood flow during NON-REM sleep?

A

REDUCED

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9
Q

What are dreams like during NON-REM sleep?

A

Some non-narrative images

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10
Q

When does REM sleep occur?

A

At the end of the night

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11
Q

What does an EEG show during REM sleep?

A

FAST activity

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12
Q

What does an MRI during REM sleep show?

A

Increased brain activity

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13
Q

What are the EEG and MRI findings during REM sleep similar to?

A

Wakefulness

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14
Q

What happens to muscles during REM sleep?

A

They become ATONIC, except some

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15
Q

What muscles do not become ATONIC during REM sleep?

A

Respiratory

Extra-ocular

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16
Q

What does REM stand for?

A

Rapid Eye Movement

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17
Q

What happens to thermal regulation during REM sleep?

A

It is impaired

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18
Q

What type of dreaming occurs in REM sleep?

A

Narrative

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19
Q

Deep sleep is _______ sleep

A

ESSENTIAL

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20
Q

What type of sleep is regained after sleep loss?

A

DEEP

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21
Q

Why is deep sleep important?

A

It allows the cortex to recover after a busy day

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22
Q

What is the main importance for REM sleep?

A

For early brain development - substitute stimulation for wakefulness

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23
Q

REM sleep is dispensable

A

TRUE

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24
Q

What term is used to describe REM sleep?

A

Non-wakefullness

Not sleep

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25
What common drugs suppress REM sleep?
Tricyclics
26
Describe the sleeping patterns of neonates.
Spend 16 hours per day asleep – 50% REM sleep, have shorter cycles
27
Describe what happens to REM sleep after the first decade.
* % REM sleep falls. | * REM latency increases
28
Outline what happens to sleep in the elderly.
* Increased awakenings * Reduced REM latency * Reduced total sleep time and daytime napping
29
What controls sleep?
Biology and physiology, NOT psychology
30
What is circadian rhythm important for?
* Appetite * Sleep-awake * Hormones
31
Children sleep later and waken later
FALSE | - sleep earlier and waken earlier
32
Adolescents have a _____ sleep pattern
DELAYED
33
Elderly have an ____ sleep pattern
ADVANCED
34
Give examples of human processes controlled by circadian rhythm.
* Sleep-awake * Appetite * Body temp * Hormone secretions * Alertness
35
How long does normal circadian rhythm last?
25 hours
36
What entrains the body clock?
LIGHT
37
Describe how light controls the body clock.
RETINAL GANGLION CELLS, projecting to SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS
38
What is NON-REM sleep important for?
* Cell division and growth | * Protein synthesis
39
What is REM sleep important for?
* Consolidation of memories * Deletion of unnecessary memory files * Maintenance of immunocompetence
40
Species with high metabolic rates have longer sleep times. What does this suggest?
Importance in conserving energy
41
Sleep is related to ___ hormone release
GROWTH
42
Sleep helps with?
Tissue repair
43
What happens to cell division during sleep?
PEAKS - skin mitosis peaks during sleep - however, time of day effect, increases after meals
44
Describe the cortex and rest.
The cortex can only rest when fully asleep | Until, it is in 'quiet readiness'
45
What is the relationship between cortices and sleep?
More complex cortices need more sleep
46
Most effects of sleep deprivation affect what part of the cortex?
PRE-FRONTAL
47
What are the problems associated with lack of sleep and the pre-frontal cortex?
* become irritable and suspicious, but no ‘psychoses.’ * visual illusions. * microsleeps and concentration lapses.
48
What does sleep deprivation, affecting pre-frontal function NOT affect?
* routine * old, well rehearsed tasks * logic tasks
49
What does sleep deprivation affecting the pre-frontal lobe do?
Impairs alterness
50
How much sleep do we need a night?
7/7.5 hours
51
What is a 15 minute nap equivalent to?
90 minutes during the night
52
What is a parasomnia?
A disorder characterized by abnormal or unusual behaviour of the nervous system during sleep
53
Describe NON-REM parasomnias.
* Non-dreaming. * Confusional arousals. * Sleep walking. * Sleep terrors and paralysis. * Bruxism. (grinding teeth) * Restless legs + PLMS (periodic limb movements of sleep). * Often complex behaviours – possible dissociation
54
What is bruxism?
Grinding teeth
55
90% of patients with what condition have REM parasomnias?
Parksinson's
56
Describe REM parasomnias.
* Dreaming. | * Much simpler behavior (than NREM).
57
At what part of the night do REM parasomnias usually occur?
Later 1/3rd of the night
58
What is Narcolepsy?
A condition characterized by an extreme tendency to fall asleep whenever in relaxing surroundings
59
At what ages does narcolepsy peak?
15 and 36
60
Often patients with REM sleep problems have narcolepsy
TRUE
61
Describe the clinical presentation of Narcolepsy.
* Daytime sleepiness * Cataplexy * Hypnagogic Hallucinations * Sleep paralysis
62
What is cataplexy?
Loss of muscle tone triggered by emotion
63
What are Hypnagogic Hallucinations?
Hallucinations occurring at sleep onset
64
What Ix's should be done for suspected Narcolepsy?
* Overnight polysomnography * Multiple sleep latency test * LP (not routine anymore)
65
Describe the multiple sleep latency test.
4 x 25 minute naps are scheduled about two hours apart Record of EEG, muscle activity and eye movement recorded Measures time from the start of a daytime nap to the first signs of sleep (sleep latency) Faster patient falls asleep faster if they are sleepier
66
Describe the LP findings that show Narcolepsy.
Low hypocretin levels (<110pg/ml or 1/3rd of the mean control value)

Neurology (42 decks)

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