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Neurology > Anatomy of Auditory and Visual Pathways > Flashcards

Anatomy of Auditory and Visual Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

How many turns is the cochlea?

A

2.5

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2
Q

Long strings….

A

Low tone

think ‘L for L’

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3
Q

Short strings…

A

High tone

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4
Q

What cranial nerve is responsible for hearing?

A

CN VIII

Vestibulocochlea

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5
Q

Name the auditory ossicles of the middle ear.

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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6
Q

Where are inner and outer hair cells found?

A

Organ of Corti

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7
Q

Describe the spiral ganglion.

A

Bipolar neurones stimulated by hair cells and carrying AP’s from Organ of Corti to cochlear nuclei in the pons

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8
Q

Input above what level of the spinal cord is bilateral? Why?

A

Input superior to the cochlear nuclei

Here, some fibres are crossed and some are not

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9
Q

What are the SUPERIOR OLIVARY NUCLEUS + NUCLEUS OF LATERAL LEMISCUS important for?

A

Important in sound localisation

Important as relays for stapedial and tensor tympany reflexes

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10
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

A

Laterally, just inferior to the lateral fissure

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11
Q

Where is tonotopic organisation present?

A

Auditory cortex

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12
Q

Where do fibres carrying information regarding low frequency sound end?

A

In the anterolateral part of the auditory cortex

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13
Q

Where do fibres carrying information regarding high frequency sound end?

A

In the posteromedial part of the auditory cortex

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14
Q

What is aphasia?

A

The inability to use language

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15
Q

Describe how a person may be affected by damage to Broca’s area.

A

Difficulty in producing language, often using few words and only saying the most important words in a sentence.
Do not usually have difficulty comprehending language.
Termed: Broca’s, motor or expressive aphasia

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16
Q

Describe how a person with damage to Wernicke’s area may present.

A

Difficulty comprehending language.
Can manifest defects ranging from words out of order to meaningless words.
Termed: Wernicke’s, sensory or receptive aphasia.

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17
Q

What does the maintenance of equilibrium use information from?

A

Vision.
Proprioception.
Vestibular apparatus (Labyrinth).

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18
Q

What CN is responsible for balance?

A

CN VIII - vestibular

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19
Q

What cranial nerves receive significant input from vestibular nuclei?

A

III, IV, VI

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20
Q

Describe what the projection of vestibular information onto the cerebral cortex is like.

A

Bilateral

Less well defined than for other senses

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21
Q

What do areas upon which vestibular information has been found to converge include?

A

 An area of parietal cortex, just posterior to the area of the postcentral gyrus that represents the hand and mouth.
 An area just rostral to the primary auditory cortex.
 Posterior insular cortex

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22
Q

THERE IS NO REGION OF THE BRAIN THAT IS ACTIVATED JUST BY VESTIBULAR STIMULATION. What does this mean?

A

There is no primary vestibular cortex

23
Q

Name the 3 ‘coats’ surrounding the eye?

A

Corneoclearal - OUTER
Choroid - MIDDLE
Retina - INNER

24
Q

Because of the LENS, what happens to objects that are projected onto the retina?

A

They are UPSIDE down and REVERSED

25
Q

Something that’s in the temporal visual field of the right eye is projected onto the nasal part of the right retina

A

TRUE

26
Q

What does the optic tract ‘look’ at?

A

The contralateral visual field

27
Q

After the optic chiasm, outline the pathway through which visual information flows

A
  1. Optic tract
  2. Lateral geniculate nucleus (of thalamus)
  3. Optic radiation
  4. Visual cortex
28
Q

After the optic chiasm, all structures deal with information from?

A

The contralateral visual field

29
Q

Where does the superior colliculi receive input from?

A

Visual cortex
Frontal eye fields
Spinal cord

30
Q

What does the superior colliculi provide output to?

A

Nuclei of CN III, CN IV and CN VI
Motor nucleus of CN VII
Spinal cord

31
Q

Where is the lower visual field projected?

A

To the gyrus superior to the calcarine sulcus

32
Q

Where is the upper visual field projected to?

A

To the gyrus inferior to the calcarine sulcus

33
Q

Where does the macular project to?

A

To the posterior pole of the visual cortex

34
Q

Centre of vision….

A

Posterior

35
Q

Lateral of vision….

A

Anterior

36
Q

The macula occupies a much greater proportion of the cortex, relative to the size of the visual field it covers

A

TRUE

37
Q

The right hemisphere receives information from the right visual lobe

A

FALSE

From the left visual lobe

38
Q

What does the visual area above the calcarine sulcus receive retinal projections from?

A

The upper right retinal quadrant

39
Q

What does the visual area below the calcarine sulcus receive retinal projections from?

A

The LOWER RIGHT retinal quadrant. (makes sense because receives info from the upper visual field which is interpreted by the lower part of the retina!!!)

40
Q

What do fibres of the GENIOCALCARINE TRACT initially form?

A

Part of the internal capsule

41
Q

What do the fibres of the geniocalcarine tract which carry information from the UPPER HALF of the visual field first do?

A

Loop ANTERIORLY around the TEMPORAL part of the LATERAL VENRICLE in Meyer’s loop, ending below the calcarine sulcus.

42
Q

What both have roles in eye movement?

A

The visual cortex and the frontal eye fields

43
Q

In general, the visual cortex provides for movements in response to what?

A

Visual stimuli e.g tracking a moving object

44
Q

What do frontal eye fields control?

A

‘Movements of command’ - movements that are independent of a moving stimuli

45
Q

Describe the pupillary light reflex.

A

Shine light into right eye:
Right pupil constricts = direct light reflex
Left pupil constricts = consensual light reflex

46
Q

Where do perceptual fibres project BILATERALLY to?

A

The Edinger-Westphal nucleus

47
Q

What does the accommodation reflex require?

A

Input to oculomotor and Edinger-Westphal nucleus from the visual cortex

48
Q

What is the accommodation reflex?

A

Convergence of gaze, contraction of ciliarly muscles, pupillary constriction

49
Q

If vision is lost in the same visual field in both eyes, what is this known as?

A

Homonymous

50
Q

If vision is lost in different visual fields in each eye, what is it known as?

A

Heteronymous

51
Q

What do association fibres do?

A

Connect cortical sites lying in the same hemispheres

52
Q

What do commissural fibres do?

A

Connect one hemisphere to the other (usually areas of similar function)

53
Q

What do projection fibres do?

A

Connect hemispheres to deeper structures, including thalamus, corpus striatum, brain stem and spinal cord

Neurology (42 decks)

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