Anatomy of the Lower Limb

Question 1

Name the 6 regions of the lower limb

Answer 1

gluteal
femoral
knee
leg
ankle
foot

Question 2

functions of the lower limb

Answer 2

support body weight
balance
locomotion

Question 3

where does the femoral region start and end

Answer 3

starts at pelvis, ends at knee

Question 4

name the superficial muscles of the gluteal region

Answer 4

gluteus minimus
gluteus medius
gluteus maximus
tensor fascia latae

Question 5

what is the function of the superficial gluteal muscles?

Answer 5

extension, abduction and medial rotation of the thigh

Question 6

innervation of superficial gluteal muscles?

Answer 6

superior gluteal EXCEPT gluteus maximus (inferior gluteal)

Question 7

which nerve is damaged in trendelenburg’s gait?

Answer 7

superior gluteal nerve

Question 8

what does trendelenburg’s gait present as and why?

Answer 8

limp due to improper alignment of the pelvis

Question 9

name the deep muscles of the gluteal region

Answer 9

piriformis
obturator internis
quadratus femoris
gemelli

Question 10

what is the function of the deep gluteal muscles

Answer 10

lateral rotators of thigh and hip stabilisers

Question 11

name the innervation of the deep gluteal nerves

Answer 11

sacral plexus

Question 12

where does the sacrospinous ligament connect to and from

Answer 12

from sacrum to spine

Question 13

where does the sacrotuberous ligament connect to and from?

Answer 13

from sacrum to ischial tuberosity

Question 14

where should injections in the gluteal region be?

Answer 14

upper lateral quadrant

Question 15

through which foramen do pelvic structures pass through?

Answer 15

greater sciatic

Question 16

through which foramen do perineal structures pass through?

Answer 16

lesser sciatic

Question 17

what forms the greater and lesser foraminae

Answer 17

sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

Question 18

at what nerve levels does the sciatic nerve enter?

Answer 18

L4-S3

Question 19

name the 2 branches of the sciatic nerve

Answer 19

tibial and common fibular

Question 20

what does the sciatic nerve and its branches supply?

Answer 20

posterior thigh, leg and foot muscles, most of the skin

Question 21

principle nerve to the perineum

Answer 21

pudental nerve

Question 22

at what nerve levels does the pudental nerve enter?

Answer 22

S2, 3, 4

Question 23

name the 3 main nerves of the gluteal region

Answer 23

pudental
sciatic
posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh

Question 24

what does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh innervate

Answer 24

skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum, upper medial thigh

Question 25

what is the most lateral structure to exit the greater sciatic foramen

Answer 25

sciatic nerve

Question 26

the sciatic nerve exits the sciatic foramen inferior to which muscle?

Answer 26

piriformis

Question 27

where does the sciatic nerve typically bifurcate

Answer 27

distal thigh

Question 28

name the superior border of the femoral triangle

Answer 28

inguinal ligament

Question 29

name the medial border of the femoral triangle

Answer 29

lateral border of adductur longus

Question 30

name the lateral border of the femoral triangle

Answer 30

medial border of sartorius muscle

Question 31

which structures constitute the "floor" of the femoral triangle

Answer 31

iliopsoas and pectineus

Question 32

name the contents of the femoral triangle

Answer 32

femoral Nerve femoral Artery femoral Vein Lymphatics

Question 33

what forms the inguinal ligament

Answer 33

thickened edge of external oblique aponeurosis

Question 34

what is the longest muscle in the body

Answer 34

sartorius

Question 35

what happens in compartment syndrome

Answer 35

increased pressure in leg stopping muscles and nerves from functioning

Question 36

how is compartment syndrome treated

Answer 36

fasciotomy to relieve pressure

Question 37

name the 3 compartments of the thigh

Answer 37

medial, anterior, posterior

Question 38

name the 3 compartments of the leg

Answer 38

lateral, anterior, posterior

Question 39

main function of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

Answer 39

flexion | extension (quadriceps femoris only)

Question 40

name the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh

Answer 40

pectineus iliopsoas sartorius quadriceps femoris

Question 41

name the innervation of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh

Answer 41

femoral nerve

Question 42

main function of the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?

Answer 42

adduction

Question 43

name the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh

Answer 43

``` adductor longus adductor brevis adductor magnus gracilis obturator externis ```

Question 44

what is the nerve supply of the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh

Answer 44

``` obturator nerve tibial nerve (hamstring part of adductor longus) ```

Question 45

which component of the femoral triangle is not in the femoral sheath

Answer 45

femoral nerve

Question 46

main function of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh

Answer 46

extension of thigh | flexion of leg

Question 47

name the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh

Answer 47

semitendinosus semimembranosus biceps femoris

Question 48

innervation of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh

Answer 48

tibial division of sciatic nerve EXCEPT short head biceps femoris (common fibular)

Question 49

main function of the anterior compartment of the leg

Answer 49

dorsiflexion of ankle | extension of toes

Question 50

name the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg

Answer 50

tibialis anterior extensor digitorum longus extensor hallicus longus fibularis tertius

Question 51

what innervates the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg

Answer 51

fibular nerve

Question 52

what do the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg do?

Answer 52

evert foot | plantarflex ankle slightly

Question 53

name the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg

Answer 53

fibularis longus | fibularis brevis

Question 54

what innervates the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg

Answer 54

superficial fibular nerve

Question 55

where does the common fibular nerve run down

Answer 55

lateral leg

Question 56

which compartment contains superficial and deep regions?

Answer 56

posterior compartment of leg

Question 57

what does the superficial muscle group of the posterior compartment of the leg do?

Answer 57

plantarflexes the ankle

Question 58

name the nerves of the superficial muscle group of the posterior compartment of the leg

Answer 58

gastrocnemius soleus plantaris

Question 59

what innervates the superficial muscle group of the posterior compartment of the leg

Answer 59

tibial nerve

Question 60

what does the deep muscle group of the posterior compartment of the leg

Answer 60

flexes toes and plantarflexes ankle

Question 61

name the muscles of the deep muscle group of the posterior compartment of the leg

Answer 61

popliteus flexor hallucis longus flexpr digitorum longus tibialis posterior

Question 62

what innervates the deep muscle group of the posterior compartment of the leg

Answer 62

tibial nerve

Question 63

what does hallucis mean

Answer 63

big toe

Question 64

name the 4 ways in which the hip joint can move

Answer 64

flexion-extension abduction-adduction medial-lateral rotation circumduction

Question 65

most likely area of the femur to break and why?

Answer 65

neck of femur as it is the weakest and thinnest

Question 66

what does a ligament do?

Answer 66

connects bone to bone

Question 67

what does a tendon do?

Answer 67

connects muscle to bone

Question 68

name the 3 ligaments associated with the hip joint?

Answer 68

iliofemoral pubofemoral ischiofemoral

Question 69

blood supply to hip joint?

Answer 69

medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries

Question 70

how many articulations does the knee joint have?

Answer 70

3

Question 71

name the articulations of the knee joint

Answer 71

2 femorotibial | 1 femorpatellar

Question 72

main movement of the knee joint?

Answer 72

flexion-extension

Question 73

what kind of joint is the knee joint?

Answer 73

synovial hinge joint

Question 74

name the ligaments of the knee joint

Answer 74

lateral/medial collateral ligament ant/post cruciate, menisci

Question 75

what muscle lies inferior to the popliteal fossa?

Answer 75

gastrocnemius

Question 76

another name for achilles tendon?

Answer 76

calcaneal

Question 77

what makes up the calcaneal tendon?

Answer 77

gastrocnemius and soleus

Question 78

where do the superficial lymohatics of the leg drain?

Answer 78

superficial inguinal lymph nodes

Question 79

where do the deep lymphatics of the leg drain?

Answer 79

deep inguinal/external iliac lymph nodes