Anatomy of the Pituitary Gland

Question 1

what endocrine glands are contained in the cranial cavity?

Answer 1

hypothalamus

pituitary gland

Question 2

how many parathyroid glands are there?

Answer 2

4

Question 3

what endocrine glands are in the abdominal cavity?

Answer 3

2 adrenal glands

pancreas

Question 4

what does the cerebellum do?

Answer 4

controls movement

Question 5

what structure does most cranial nerves come off of?

Answer 5

brainstem

Question 6

what makes up the diencephalon?

Answer 6

thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 7

what structure forms the centre of the cerebrum?

Answer 7

diencephalon

Question 8

what structure does the pituitary gland come off of?

Answer 8

hypothalamus

Question 9

name these structure from superior to posterior: medulla oblongata, midbrain, pons

Answer 9

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

Question 10

what structure connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

Answer 10

infundibulum

Question 11

is the pituitary gland split into lobes? if so, what are they?

Answer 11

yes, anterior and posterior

Question 12

what lobe of the pituitary gland is mainly a connection of nerve cells?

Answer 12

posterior

Question 13

what lobe of the pituitary gland releases ADH?

Answer 13

posterior

Question 14

where specifically is the pituitary gland located in the cranial cavity?

Answer 14

pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone

Question 15

what area of the sphenoid bone does the pituitary fossa lie?

Answer 15

sella turcica

Question 16

what would be the clinical presentation of a pituitary tumour?

Answer 16

vision affected

Question 17

what structure contains photoreceptors?

Answer 17

retina

Question 18

2 types of retina?

Answer 18

cones

rods

Question 19

what structure lies immediately superior to the pituitary gland?

Answer 19

optic chiasm

Question 20

what nerves form the optic chiasm

Answer 20

right and left optic nerves (cn2)

Question 21

what structures extend back from the optic chiasm?

Answer 21

optic tracts

Question 22

where do the optic tracts synapse?

Answer 22

thalamus

Question 23

where do the post-synaptic optic axons travel to?

Answer 23

visual cortex in the occipital lobe

Question 24

what side of the retina does nasal vision hit?

Answer 24

temporal side

Question 25

what side of the retina does temporal vision hit?

Answer 25

nasal side

Question 26

what effect does a pituitary tumour have on eyesight?

Answer 26

disrupt any action potentials from the nasal retina by compressing the optic chiasm -> this stops the patient having temporal vision

Question 27

what effect on the eyes would failed temporal vision have?

Answer 27

cant see on the outer areas of the eye but can see inner

Question 28

what is failed temporal vision on both eyes called?

Answer 28

bilater hemianopia

Question 29

what are the main 2 methods for getting into the brain called?

Answer 29

transcranial | transsphenoidal

Question 30

what bones do the nasal conchae belong to?

Answer 30

inferior is its own bone | superior and middle are part of ethmoid

Question 31

what are the paranasal sinuses lined by?

Answer 31

mucous secreting respiratory mucosa

Question 32

what are the 4 main paranasal sinuses?

Answer 32

frontal sinuses maxillary sinuses ethmoidal air cells sphenoidal sinuses

Question 33

what paranasal sinus is usually affected in sinusitis?

Answer 33

maxillary sinus

Question 34

what 2 structures do the ethmoidal air cells lie between?

Answer 34

nasal cavity | orbit

Question 35

where do the right and left frontal sinuses connect?

Answer 35

midline

Question 36

what artery crosses the pons arteriorly?

Answer 36

basilar artery

Question 37

what is dura mater?

Answer 37

a lining of the internal cranial cavity

Question 38

what makes up the basilar artery?

Answer 38

2 vertebral arteries

Question 39

what is tentorium cerebelli?

Answer 39

tough sheet of dura mater "tenting" over the cerebellum within the posterior cranial fossa

Question 40

what part of the cranial fossa is the tentorium cerebelli in?

Answer 40

posterior cranial fossa

Question 41

what is diaphragm sellae?

Answer 41

tough sheet of dura mater forming a roof over the pituitary fossa

Question 42

what structure does the venous channels of the brain lie in?

Answer 42

dura mater

Question 43

what do the venous channels of the cranial cavity drain into?

Answer 43

internal jugular veins

Question 44

what is the anterior intercavernous sinus?

Answer 44

connects the right and left cavernous sinuses anterior to pituitary gland

Question 45

what arteries pass through the cavernous sinuses of the cranial cavity?

Answer 45

internal carotid arteries

Question 46

where do the dural venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular veins?

Answer 46

jugular foraminae

Question 47

name the nerves of the right cavernous sinus from anterior to posterior

Answer 47

``` CN: 3 4 6 5 ```

Question 48

what muscle is the oculomotor nerve sensory for?

Answer 48

sphincter muscle of iris

Question 49

effect of a damaged oculomotor nerve?

Answer 49

problem moving eye | dilated pupil

Question 50

what is the function of the trochlear nerve?

Answer 50

motor supply to one muscle that moves the globe

Question 51

effect of a damaged trochlear nerve?

Answer 51

problems moving eye

Question 52

what does the trigeminal nerve do?

Answer 52

sensory supply to eye, maxilla, mandible; motor to muscles of mastication

Question 53

effect of problems with trigeminal nerve?

Answer 53

sensory problems on face | difficulty chewing

Question 54

what does the abducent nerve do?

Answer 54

motor supply to one muscle that moves the globe

Question 55

what would a problem in the abducent nerve present as?

Answer 55

problems with eye movements

Question 56

what does the cavernous sinus do?

Answer 56

drains venous blood

Question 57

what does the internal carotid artery do?

Answer 57

blood to brain and orbit including glove

Question 58

what would happen if dura mater was damaged?

Answer 58

CSF leak