Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Question 1

What ribs present as the boundaries of the diaphragm?

Answer 1

the top of the 13th rib and the bottom of the 7th

Question 2

What does the thoracic cavity contain?

Answer 2

the organs from the first rib until the diaphragm

Question 3

What does the thorax contain?

Answer 3

the organs in the thoracic cavity plus the intrathoracic abdominal structures

Question 4

What is the anticlinal vertebrae and why?

Answer 4

the 11th thoracic vertebrae because it points straight up and down

Question 5

What is the costadiapgragmatic line of pleural reflection?

Answer 5

where the pleura reflects at the level of the diaphragm, it does not follow the diaphragm

Question 6

What are the muscles of inspiration?

Answer 6

the external intercostals

Question 7

What direction do the external intercostal fibers go?

Answer 7

caudo-ventrally to cranio-dorsally

Question 8

What are the muscles of expiration?

Answer 8

the internal intercostals

Question 9

What direction do the internal intercostal fibers go?

Answer 9

caudo-dorsally to cranio-ventrally

Question 10

What is the significance of the costadiaphragmatic recess?

Answer 10

lungs do not extend beyond that point

Question 11

What are the boundaries for auscultation for lung sounds?

Answer 11

bottom of the 5th rip to the top of the 11th rib then cranially to the top of the 5th rib

Question 12

Where should a thoracentesis be performed?

Answer 12

between the 7th and 10th intercostal space, cranial to the ribs and at an angle towards the body wall

Question 13

If a thoracentesis is performed horizontally, what can happen?

Answer 13

the lungs can be punctured

Question 14

If a thoracentesis is performed from the 1st to the 6th intercostal space, what can happen?

Answer 14

the heart can be punctured

Question 15

What is the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

Answer 15

it is the dead space, it cannot be used for gas exchange

Question 16

What are the structures in the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

Answer 16

nose, mouth, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiole, and terminal bronchiole

Question 17

What is the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

Answer 17

it is where gas exchange occurs

Question 18

What are the structures in the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

Answer 18

the respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, and the alveolus

Question 19

What is the function of the arrangement of the meati in the respiratory system?

Answer 19

it allows for laminar flow of air, humidification and warming, and prevents dust from getting into the lungs

Question 20

What is the function of the epiglottis?

Answer 20

it covers the larynx to protect the airways during eating

Question 21

What type of epithelium is typical respiratory epithelium?

Answer 21

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells interspersed

Question 22

What type of cell junctions are in TRE?

Answer 22

tight junctions, adherens, desmosomes, and hemidesmososmes

Question 23

What are the cell types within TRE?

Answer 23

goblet cells, basal cells, ciliated cells, neuroendocrine cells, and brush cells

Question 24

What is the function of goblet cells?

Answer 24

to secrete mucous

Question 25

Where are the goblet cells located in the TRE?

Answer 25

on the apical side

Question 26

Where are the nuclei in goblet cells located?

Answer 26

near the basal lamina

Question 27

What is the function of the basal cells?

Answer 27

they are for the repair of damaged TRE

Question 28

Where are basal cells located?

Answer 28

near sensor nerves, close to the basal lamina

Question 29

What is the function of the ciliated cells?

Answer 29

they function as escalator cells

Question 30

What are the ciliated cells made up of?

Answer 30

cilia and many microvili

Question 31

What is the function of neuroendocrine cells?

Answer 31

they are for sensing and growth and secrete hormones and chemicals

Question 32

What are brush cells for?

Answer 32

sensory

Question 33

What are brush cells innervated by?

Answer 33

the trigeminal nerve

Question 34

What are structures commonly seen in the microscopic anatomy of the nose?

Answer 34

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, hyaline cartilage, serous and sweat glands, hair follicles, nerves, blood vessels, and immune cells

Question 35

What are the structures commonly seen in the microscopic anatomy of the nasal cavity?

Answer 35

TRE, thin walled veins and glands, nerves, lymphatic nodules, P450 enzymes

Question 36

Where is the olfactory region located?

Answer 36

in the dorso-caudal portion of the nasal cavity

Question 37

What type of epithelium is located in the olfactory region?

Answer 37

thick high pseudostratefied epithelium with immotile cilia

Question 38

What type of cells are in the olfactory region?

Answer 38

olfactory, supporting, basal

Question 39

What is the pigmentation of the olfactory region?

Answer 39

lipofuscin

Question 40

What is the function of the olfactory cells in the olfactory region?

Answer 40

they secrete a solution that enhances the solubility of the odorant molecule and cleanses the cilia

Question 41

What are the support cells of the olfactory region also known as?

Answer 41

the sustentacular cells

Question 42

What is the structure of the support cells of the olfactory region located?

Answer 42

they have a wide apical side and a narrow basal side

Question 43

What is the function of the basal cells in the olfactory region?

Answer 43

to regenerate olfactory cells and sustentacular cells