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Histology Pt. 2 > Mare Reproduction > Flashcards

Mare Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some demands placed on an equine theriogenologist?

A

seasonal breeding patterns of mares, commercial emphasis on early born foals, breeding during ventral transition, managing the stallion book, breed registry requirements

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2
Q

What is the central control of reproductive anatomy controlled by?

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, and pineal gland

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3
Q

What is the structure of the ovary in the mare?

A

reverse cortical to medullary arrangement meaning the medulla is on the outside except at the ovulation fossa

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4
Q

Where are the ovaries located in the mare?

A

caudal to the kidneys

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5
Q

True or false: Follicles stop growing during pregancy in the mare.

A

False, there is significant follicular growth during pregnancy

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6
Q

What are some common ovarian abnormalities in the mare?

A

hemorrhagic anvulatory follicles and granulosa theca cell tumors

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7
Q

How do hemorrhagic anovulatory follicles form?

A

the mare grows a large follicle but does not ovulate and fills with blood

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8
Q

When do hemorrhagic anovulatory follicles happen most often?

A

when changing out of breeding season into anestrus

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9
Q

What are the structures of the uterine tube?

A

infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus

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10
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

a structure that covers the ovulation fossa to try and catch the oocyte

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11
Q

What is the ampulla?

A

the longest portion of the uterine tubes that is plicated and the site for fertilization

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12
Q

What is the function of the ciliated epithelium in the ampulla?

A

it propels the oocyte down the ampulla

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13
Q

What is the isthmus?

A

a sperm reservoir

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14
Q

What do the utero-tubal papilla in the uterine tubes allow for?

A

one way traffic

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15
Q

What clinical issue can occur in the uterine tubes?

A

oviductal blockage by an oocyte that can lead to inflammation

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16
Q

What type of uterus does the mare have?

A

simple, bicornate uterus

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17
Q

What is the size of the uterus based on?

A

physiology and parity - gestation and seasonal influences

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the corpus cornual junction and where is it located?

A

the base of the horns for implantation embryo fixation

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19
Q

What does uterine flaccidity lead to?

A

edema which leads to estrus

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20
Q

What stimulates uterine tone?

A

progesterone

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21
Q

What clinical issue is associated with the uterus?

A

endometritis and uterine fluid acumulation

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22
Q

What part of the uterus can be used as an indicator of uterine health?

A

glandular endometrium

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23
Q

What is an important barrier in the mare repro tract?

A

the cervix

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24
Q

What type of folds does the cervix have?

A

longitudinal

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25
How does the cervix respond to hormones?
it increases its collagen and connective tissue
26
What does the glandular epithelium of the cervix produce?
copious mucous
27
What can trauma to the cervix cause?
infertility/pregnancy loss
28
What does the vagina start and end?
from the fornix to the labia
29
Is the equine vagina glandular or aglandular?
aglandular
30
Upon exposure to air, what can happen to the mares vagina?
it becomes hyperemic
31
What clinical issues are associated with the mares vagina?
vaginal trauma, vestibular trauma, varicose veins, and fistulas
32
What are the three barriers of infection in the mare's repro tract?
cervix, vestibule, and vulva
33
What happens when the vestibule is not a full ring?
a pneumovagina
34
What type of tissue is the vulva?
elastic tissue
35
What does dorsal displacement of the vulva lead to?
loss of barrier which leads to pneumovagina which leads to fecal contamination
36
What is the clitoris homologous to in the stallion?
the penis
37
Where does bacteria tend to accumulate in the mare?
in the clitoral siinuses
38
What is a sign from the clitoris that a mare is in estrus?
winking
39
What type of breeders are mares?
long day polyestrous breeders
40
What is the natural breeding season for horse mares?
april to september/october
41
What is the natural breeding season for pony mares?
may to september/octover
42
When does puberty usually occur in the mare?
around 15 months of age
43
What is puberty described as?
age of first estrus, age of first ovulation, and age at which the female can support pregnancy without deleterious effects
44
What are the hormone trends that lead to cyclicity and ovulation?
decrease in sensitivity to low E2, increase in GnRH to increase in FSH to increase in E to a surge of LH which leads to ovulation
45
What factors influence puberty?
body size (fat), environmental cues (season of birth and photoperiod), and social cues from other females
46
What is the length of the estrous cycle in mares?
19-22 days
47
What are the hormone trends during estrus?
increased estradiol, decreased progesterone, then decreased FSH and increased LH
48
How long does estrus usually last?
4.5-8.9 days (mean 6.5 days)
49
When does ovulation occur?
24-48 hours before the end of estrus
50
What does the dominant follicle in estrus produce?
E2 and inhibin
51
What does multiple ovulations in an estrus cycle usually lead to?
twins
52
What are some examples of abnormal estrous behavior?
seasonal transition and ovarian tumors
53
What are some behavioral signs of estrus?
peeing, raising tail, clitoral winking, and squatting
54
Aside from behavioral signs, what are some other methods of detecting estrus?
trans-rectal palpation of the reproductive tract and ultrasound examination of the preproductive tract, and hormone estimations
55
What hormone is usually used to detect estrus?
progesterone
56
What is the progesterone dominant phaase?
the luteal phase
57
What happens to P4 serum concentration after ovulation?
it rises rapidly (peak 8-16 ng/ml)
58
How many follicular waves occur during diestrus?
one to two
59
What is the corpus luteum sensitive to after day for of diestrus?
PGF2 alpha
60
What structure cannot be palpated in mares?
the corpus luteum
61
What are some ways to manipulate the estrous cycle?
inducing early cyclicity, ovulation, CL regression/luteolysis or prolonging the luteal phase and sudden withdrawal
62
How is early cyclicity induced?
photoperiod and pharmacological manipulation (domperidone and sulpiride)
63
How is ovulation induced?
using a GnRH agonist (desloredin) or an LH agonist (HCG)
64
How is CL regression/luteolysis induced?
prostaglandin analogues (dinoprost tromethamine, cloprostenol)
65
How is the luteal phase and sudden withdrawal induced?
progesterone compounds
66
What are some behaviors/events of early conceptus/embryo?
early transport through the oviduct (PGE production), mobility of the equine embryo (production of PGs), formation of a glycoprotein capsule, and maternal recognition of pregnancy signal
67
What are events that happen in a pregnant mare post fixation?
fixation at the corpus-cornual junction, orientation of the embryo, shedding/loss of the capsule, embryonic development (amnion, allantois, yolk sac), and a visible heart beat
68
When is the heart beat visible?
by day 22-23
69
Where do unicornuate twin conceptuses fix and when?
on the ventral aspect of the base of the uterine horne at 26 days of gestation
70
What is the first step of endometiral cup formation?
trophopblast invades from the chorionic girdle at 30-35 days
71
What hormone is produced during endometrial cup formation?
eCG
72
What is the purpose of eCG?
it is for pregnancy maintenance, it is like LH
73
When does endometrial cup formation peak?
at 55-60 days
74
When does endometrial cup formation decline?
after 120-150 days of gestation
75
What are some clinical issues associated with endometrial cup formation?
embryo/fetal loss after endometrial cup formation and retained endometrial cups
76
After ovulation what happens to progesterone?
it increases rapidly and then decreases
77
Without eCG what happens to progesterone levels after ovulation?
it will continue to decrease and the pregnancy will terminate
78
What influence does eCG have on progesterone levels?
the primary corpus luteum is stimulated and P4 increases, as eCG continues to increase, accessory CL develops and P4 increases until about day 100
79
After day 100 of pregnancy, what structure assumes the role of P4 production?
the placenta
80
Aside from progesterone, what other hormones are associated with pregnancy?
estrogens and their conjugates, relaxin, oxytocin, glucocorticoids, prolactin and growth hoormone, and fetal hormones
81
When is relaxin released during pregnancy?
near to parturition for relaxing the cervix
82
What is the function in glucocorticoids in pregnancy?
it initiates parturition
83
What is the function of prolatin and growth hormone in mares?
for mammary development
84
What fetal hormones are a factor in pregnancy?
steroids, P4 and E2 precursors, insulin, T3, and T4
85
What hormone is not present in mares that is present in most other species?
placental lactogen
86
How long does it take for placentation to occur?
slowly - can take up to 150 days
87
What type of placentation of occurs in mares?
epitheliochorial, diffuse placentation
88
What is diffuse placentation?
when the placenta attaches to every part of the uterus
89
What type of organ is the placenta in the mare?
an endocrine organ
90
What is the function of the placenta?
to protect the fetus from the immune system of the mare and secretes growth factors and nutrients
91
When does the placenta need to come out?
immediately after parturition
92
How long does gestation usually take in mares?
330 - 365+ days
93
Why is induction of parturition unpopular?
because the fetus matures late
94
The ____ determines the day of parturition, the _____ determines the hour.
fetus, mare
95
What is the first stage of labor and how long does it take?
fetal positioning (30 minutes to hours)
96
What is the seond stage of labor and how long does it take?
expulsion of the fetus (20-30 minutes)
97
What is the third stage of labor and how long does it take?
expulsion of the placenta (15 minutes to 3 hours)
98
What are the three post partum events that a mare goes through?
rapid expulsion of the placenta, involution of the uterus, and return to estrus
99
What is 'foal heat'?
the first estrus cycle after foaling - usually 7 days after foaling
100
When will we breed a mare during her 'foal heat'?
If she did not have a dystocia, there was not a retained fetal membrane, and if she is not over 12 years of age

Histology Pt. 2 (52 decks)

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