Overview of respiratory system

Question 1

What processes does respiration allow?

Answer 1

movement of air, diffusion, transportation, tissue delivery and return

Question 2

How does air get from the nares to the principle bronchi?

Answer 2

nares to nasal conchae to pharynx to larynx to trachea to principle bronchi

Question 3

What species has the most pliable nostrils?

Answer 3

the horse

Question 4

What is achieved in the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 4

warm air to body temp, add water vapor to saturate to 100% humidity, trap inhaled substances

Question 5

What do the coiled turbinate bones allow for?

Answer 5

they create laminar (slow) flow

Question 6

What are the specialized structures of the upper respiratory system?

Answer 6

nasolacrimal duct, vomeronasal organ, paranasal sinuses, auditory tube and guttural pouches

Question 7

What happens as airways branch?

Answer 7

the cross sectional area is increased

Question 8

More area means decreased _______.

Answer 8

resistance

Question 9

What is ventilation?

Answer 9

the process of inhaling and exhaling air so that the animal acquires O2 and eliminates CO2

Question 10

What are the mechanical forces of ventilation?

Answer 10

the respiratory muscles

Question 11

What causes negative pressure ventilation?

Answer 11

the diaphragm and intercostal muscle during inhilation

Question 12

What is tidal volume?

Answer 12

total amount of air that we breathe in or out

Question 13

What is minute ventilation?

Answer 13

the total volume of air breathed per minute

Question 14

What is Ve and what determines it?

Answer 14

the total volume breathed in a minute, and tidal volume multiplied by respiratory frequency

Question 15

What is Vd?

Answer 15

dead space (ventilation wasted)

Question 16

What does the dead space help in eliminating?

Answer 16

heat

Question 17

What are the three types of dead space?

Answer 17

equipment, anatomic, alveolar

Question 18

What is an example of equipment dead space?

Answer 18

endotracheal tube

Question 19

What is an example of anatomic dead space?

Answer 19

nostril/mouth to the terminal bronchioles

Question 20

Does anatomic dead space change or remain constant?

Answer 20

for the most part, the dead space is fixed

Question 21

What type of dead space does alveolar dead space add to?

Answer 21

anatomic dead space

Question 22

What is the alveolar ventilation equation?

Answer 22

total ventilation - dead space ventilation = alveolar ventilation

Question 23

How do you measure physiologic dead space?

Answer 23

anatomic dead space + alveolar dead space

Question 24

How do you measure tidal volume?

Answer 24

Vt = alveolar ventilation (Va) + dead-space ventilation (Vd)

Question 25

How do you measure minute ventilation?

Answer 25

multiple tidal volume by f

Question 26

How many breaths does it take to get rid of old air?

Answer 26

15-17 breaths

Question 27

What does the secondary respiratory symbol 'a' stand for?

Answer 27

arterial

Question 28

What does the secondary respiratory symbol 'A' stand for?

Answer 28

alveolar

Question 29

What does the secondary respiratory symbol 'V' stand for?

Answer 29

venous

Question 30

What does the dot above a primary symbol indicate?

Answer 30

quantity measured with respect to time

Question 31

What does a bar above a secondary symbol indicate?

Answer 31

mean or mixed sample

Question 32

What does a prime after a secondary symbol indicate?

Answer 32

the end of a structure; end of inspiration or expiration

Question 33

What does the normal respiratory cycle compose of?

Answer 33

a period of inspiration and expiration

Question 34

What species' respiratory cycle has two periods of inspiration and expiration?

Answer 34

the horse

Question 35

How would you define a complementary breathing cycle?

Answer 35

deep rapid inspiration and expiration

Question 36

What is the predominant type of breathing?

Answer 36

abdominal

Question 37

Describe abdominal breathing.

Answer 37

the movement of the abdominal cavity during inspiration and expiration

Question 38

What happens during peritonitis (breathing-wise)?

Answer 38

the animal will switch to costal breathing because the pain in the animal is in the viscera

Question 39

Describe costal breathing.

Answer 39

the movement of the ribs during inspiration and expiration

Question 40

What happens during pleuritis of the animal is predominantly costal breathing?

Answer 40

the animal will switch to abdominal breathing because it is painful to breathe with the ribs

Question 41

Eupnea

Answer 41

normal quiet breathing

Question 42

dyspnea

Answer 42

difficulty breathing

Question 43

Hyperpnea

Answer 43

increased depth and rate of breathing

Question 44

Polypnea

Answer 44

rapid, shallow breathing (similar to panting)

Question 45

Apnea

Answer 45

temporary cessation of breathing

Question 46

Trachypnea

Answer 46

increased frequency of breathing

Question 47

Bradypnea

Answer 47

decreased frequency of breathing

Question 48

Define respiratory frequency.

Answer 48

number of respiratory cycles/minute

Question 49

What increases respiratory frequency?

Answer 49

pregnancy, digestive tract fullness, lying down, diseases

Question 50

What factors decrease respiratory frequency?

Answer 50

low temperature, sleeping

Question 51

Define breath sound.

Answer 51

sound due to air movement through tracheobronchial tree - turbulent air flow

Question 52

Define adventitious sound.

Answer 52

extrinsic to normal breath sounds; abnormal sounds superimposed on breath sounds

Question 53

What are some adventitious sounds?

Answer 53

crackles or wheezes

Question 54

What causes crackles?

Answer 54

edema or exudates

Question 55

What causes wheezes?

Answer 55

airway narrowing

Question 56

Can you hear the sound of air passing through bronchioles?

Answer 56

no

Question 57

What is residual volume?

Answer 57

the amount of air left in the lung after the most forceful expiration

Question 58

What are capacities?

Answer 58

the combination of volumes

Question 59

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

Answer 59

the extra volume that can still be inhaled after normal inspiration

Question 60

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

Answer 60

the extra volume can still be expired after normal expiration

Question 61

How do you measure inspiratory capacity?

Answer 61

Vt + IRV

Question 62

How do you measure functional residual capacity (FRC)?

Answer 62

ERV + RV

Question 63

How do you measure vital capacity (VC)?

Answer 63

IRV + Vt + ERV

Question 64

How do you measure total lung capacity (TLC)?

Answer 64

IRV + Vt + ERV + RV

Question 65

What is the only source of O2 during apnea?

Answer 65

Functional residual capactiy

Question 66

What affects functional residual capacity?

Answer 66

position, sex, physiologic conditions, lung diseases

Question 67

What are specific restrictive lung diseases?

Answer 67

fibrosis, muscular diseases, sarcoidosis, chest wall deformities

Question 68

What are symptoms of restrictive lung diseases?

Answer 68

restricted inspiration, VC, TLC, RV and FRC decreased, parenchymal disease

Question 69

What are specific obstructive lung diseases?

Answer 69

emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma

Question 70

What are symptoms of obstructive lung diseases?

Answer 70

difficulty in expiration, VC decreased, TLC, RV, FRC increased, inflammation in the bronchioles, smooth muscle contraction upon expiration