Liver, Pancreas, and Intestine

Question 1

How does the liver contribute to digestion?

Answer 1

it creates bile salts vital to fat digestion and absorption and eliminates toxins

Question 2

How does the pancreas contribute to digestion?

Answer 2

it secretes enzymes involved in fat, CHO, and protein digestions and has secretions that neutralize stomach acid

Question 3

What are the functions of the liver?

Answer 3

metabolism, secretion, storage, and innate immune defense

Question 4

How does the liver metabolize lipids?

Answer 4

it oxidizes them for energy, and packages lipids/cholesterol for transport to other organs for energy

Question 5

How does the liver use carbohydrates?

Answer 5

it uses them for a small amount of energy and stores some as glycogen

Question 6

what does the liver secrete?

Answer 6

bile

Question 7

What does the liver store?

Answer 7

lipids, vitamins A, D, and E, and glycogen

Question 8

How does the liver participate in the innate immune defense?

Answer 8

it has kupfer cells that do phagocytosis

Question 9

What does blood enter the liver through?

Answer 9

the hepatic artery and portal vein

Question 10

How does blood exit the liver?

Answer 10

lobule central veins to hepatic veins to posterior vena cava

Question 11

What is the portal triad made up of?

Answer 11

portal venule, hepatic arteriole, and bile ductule

Question 12

What do the fenestrated capillaries of the liver allow for?

Answer 12

AA to flow into the bile duct and theb albumin to flow back out

Question 13

What do quiescent cells do?

Answer 13

deposit fibrin

Question 14

How does the liver utilize amino acids?

Answer 14

it uses them to make proteins such as albumin, fibrinogen, and clotting factors

Question 15

How does the liver utilize carbohydrates?

Answer 15

it removes a small amount of glucose for its energy needs- insulin independent

Question 16

How is the ruminant liver different in its uptake of carbohydrates?

Answer 16

it does not take up glucose, it takes up bulk of volatile fatty acids

Question 17

How are fats brought to the liver?

Answer 17

they are absorbed into lacteals then go to the thoracic duct and then the left jugular and reach the liver by the hepatic artery

Question 18

What is choleresis?

Answer 18

the secretion of bile

Question 19

Where is the bile stored in most species?

Answer 19

in the gall bladder

Question 20

When is bile released?

Answer 20

when high fat chyme reaches the duodenum

Question 21

What does bile do?

Answer 21

provides bile salts necessary for fat absorption and an excretory pathway for water insoluble materials

Question 22

What are bile salts made up of?

Answer 22

they are a conjugation of cholesterol acids with taurine or other amino acids

Question 23

What stimulates bile secretion, gall bladder contraction, and relaxation of sphincter of oddi?

Answer 23

CCK-PKZ

Question 24

What is phase 1 of the excretory/detoxification pathway in the liver?

Answer 24

oxidation of the compound

Question 25

What is phase 2 of the excretory/detoxification pathway?

Answer 25

glucuronidation or sulfation to improve water solubility

Question 26

What causes the brown color in feces?

Answer 26

stercobilin

Question 27

What causes the yellow color of urine?

Answer 27

uurobilinogen

Question 28

What is cholesteral excreted into?

Answer 28

bile canaliculus

Question 29

What can cause the formation of gallstones?

Answer 29

excessive cholesterol secretion can exceed carrying capacity of bile causes cholesterol to precipitate and form gallstones especially if ungonjugated bilirubin combines with the cholesterol

Question 30

What can cause the formation of bilirubin stones?

Answer 30

bacteria break glucuronide off of the bilirubin

Question 31

Through what does the bile duct empty into that then empties into the pancreatic duct?

Answer 31

the major duodenal papilla

Question 32

What do the acini of the exocrine pancreas do?

Answer 32

they make enzymes

Question 33

What do the ducts of the exocrine pancreas do?

Answer 33

they add base

Question 34

What do alpha cells in the pancreas make?

Answer 34

glucagon

Question 35

What do beta cells of the pancreas make?

Answer 35

insulin

Question 36

What do delta cells of the pancreas make?

Answer 36

somatostatin

Question 37

What is the function of the exocrin pancreatic secretions?

Answer 37

the alkaline secretions neutralize acidity of chyme leaving the stomach and are a source of digestive enzymes

Question 38

How does secretin affect the pancreas?

Answer 38

it stimulates the secretion of more alkaline fluid

Question 39

What is the function of the pancreatic ducts?

Answer 39

they add Na, K, and HCO3 and remove Cl to create an alkaline secretion

Question 40

The pancreas secreats many inactive forms of enzymes, what activates most of them?

Answer 40

trypsin

Question 41

What stimulates the release of enteropeptidase from the duodenum?

Answer 41

CCK

Question 42

What does enteropeptidase do?

Answer 42

it activates trypsin

Question 43

What enzyme that the pancreas digests is fully active when secreted?

Answer 43

pancreatic amylase

Question 44

What does pancreatic amylase do?

Answer 44

breaks down starch, some glucose and dextrins

Question 45

What are the pancreatic fat/lipid digestion enzymes?

Answer 45

pancreatic lipase, pro-colipase, cholesterol esterase, pro-phospholipase A

Question 46

What does the pancreatic trypsin inhibitor do?

Answer 46

it is to keep any trypsinogen that might spontaneously cleave from digesting the gland

Question 47

What can cause pancreatitis?

Answer 47

activation of trypsinogen within acinar cells or ducts or activation of pro-phospholipase A within ducts

Question 48

How can activating trypsinogen within the acinar cells or ducts lead to pancreatitis?

Answer 48

it leads to the digestion of the pancreas, leakage of enzymes, and peritonitis

Question 49

What can cause extraluminal pancreatic duct obstruction?

Answer 49

neoplasia or scarring, fibrosis secondary to acute pancreatitis

Question 50

What can cause intraluminal blockage of the pancreatic duct?

Answer 50

blockage of the papilla or bile duct by call stones, scarring, liver flukes and other parasites

Question 51

What are symptoms of pancreatic insufficiency?

Answer 51

diarrhea and weight loss

Question 52

What are the cell types found in crypts?

Answer 52

regeneratibe stem cells, secretory crypt cells, paneth cells, goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, and M-cells

Question 53

What do most regenerative stem cells in crypts become?

Answer 53

secretory crypt cells

Question 54

What do secretory crypt cells secrete?

Answer 54

Na and Cl necessary for absorption of surgas/AA

Question 55

What happens to secretory crypt cells after 3-5 days?

Answer 55

they migrate up into the villus area and become a villus absorptive cells

Question 56

What are paneth cells?

Answer 56

highly secretory cells that contain lysozymes

Question 57

Where are paneth cells located?

Answer 57

at the base of the crypt next to regenerative stem cells

Question 58

What do goblet cells do?

Answer 58

secrete mucous - also move up the villi

Question 59

What do enteroendocrine cells do?

Answer 59

they stay in crypts, and secrete secretin, CCK-PKZ, enteroglucagon, VIP, GIP, somatomedins, and others (some gastrin)

Question 60

What do M cells do?

Answer 60

they capture particales, antigens, pathogens and pas sthem to dendritic cells and lymphocytes within lymphoid follicles in the sub-mucosa

Question 61

What cells are found in the villus region?

Answer 61

villus absorptive cells, goblet cells, M or dome cells

Question 62

What do villis absorptive cells do?

Answer 62

actively secrete digestive enzymes and absorption

Question 63

Where are brunner'sglands located?

Answer 63

below the musclularis mucosa within the submucosa

Question 64

What do the ducts of the brunner's glands empty into?

Answer 64

crypts of lieberkuhn

Question 65

What do brinner's glands secrete?

Answer 65

mucoid and alkaline solution as protection against stomach acid

Question 66

What is the secretion from Brunner's glands stimulated by?

Answer 66

secretin