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Histology Pt. 2 > Autonomic Nervous System and Saliva > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System and Saliva Flashcards

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1
Q

What branch of the autonomic nervous system is primarily in control of the gut?

A

the parasympathetic branch

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2
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

the brain of the gut; intrinsic control of gut movement and secretion

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3
Q

What are the sensory cells in the enteric nervous sensitive to?

A

stretch, osmolarity, pH, fats, glucose, amino acid concentrations, and noxious toxins

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4
Q

What kind of impulses can the sensory cells of the enteric nervous system send?

A

afferent information

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5
Q

Where do the sensory cells of the enteric nervous system send afferent information to?

A

back to the neurons of the myenteric plexus and to the spinal cord/brain via autonomic nerves

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6
Q

What do the efferent neurons of the enteric nervous system control?

A

GI smooth muscle contractility, affect blood flow, secretory epithelium output, neuroendocrine cells, and immune cells

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7
Q

What do ENS effector cells make?

A

neurotransmitters

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8
Q

What controls the voluntary muscle of the GI tract?

A

voluntary muscle

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9
Q

What is the simple somatic motor reflex important for in GI physiology?

A

prehension, masticatin, deglutination, regurgitation, voluntary eructation, and defecation

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10
Q

What is rest and digest referring to?

A

the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

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11
Q

What is fight or flight referring to?

A

the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

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12
Q

How many neurons does the parasympathetic and sympathetic system need to complete the efferent message?

A

two - preganglionic fiber and postganglionic fiber

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13
Q

Where are the preganglionic sympathetic nerve cell bodies located?

A

in the spinal cord from T2 to L3

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14
Q

What do axons of the preganglionic sympathetic nerve cell bodies exit the spinal cord via?

A

the sympathetic paravertebral chain

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15
Q

What are the two paths that the preganglionic sympathetic axons of the gut can take?

A

they can either enter the sympathetic chain and terminate where they meet the post ganglionic neuron, or they enter the white ramus and exit via a splanchnic nerve which terminates in a peripheral ganglia where they meet the post-ganglionic neuron

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16
Q

Where are the preganglionic parasympathetic nerve cell bodies located?

A

in the medulla or sacral spinal cord

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17
Q

What do the axons of the preganglionic parasympathetic nerve cell bodies leave via?

A

cranial nerves or sacral spinal nerves

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18
Q

Which cranial nerves do parasympathetic originate from?

A

CN III, VII, IX and X

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19
Q

What does the occulomotor nerve send parasympathetic fibers to?

A

the pupillary sphincters and ciliary body

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20
Q

What does the facial nerve send parasympathetic fibers to?

A

nasal, lacrimal, and mandibular glands

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21
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve send parasympathetic fibers to?

A

the parotid gland and the posterior tongue

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22
Q

What does the vagus nerve send parasympathetic fibers to?

A

main inputs to visceral organs

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23
Q

What do the sacral segments of the spinal cord send parasympathetic fibers to?

A

the descending colon, rectum, bladder, and genitalia

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24
Q

How do the preganglionic axons of the vagus nerve travel to their target organs and what do they synapse with?

A

the preganglionic axon goes all the way to the organ, and within the gut it ends within the enteric nervous plexus and synapses with the post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons that reside within

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25
Define receptor.
specialized protein complex on outer surface of cells that recognizes a specific chemical which is known as the ligand for the receptor
26
Define agonist.
ligand that binds receptor and triggers action inside of the cell
27
Define antagonist.
ligand that binds receptor and blocks action inside the cell
28
What is the name of the receptor that recognizes acetylcholine released from preganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves?
nicotinic receptor
29
What can destroy ACH?
ACH-esterase
30
What can nicotinic receptors be blocked by?
curare (frog poison)
31
How do organophosphates affect ACH action?
they poison ACHesterase leading to prolonged action of acetylcholine
32
What are cholinergic nerves?
parasympathetic post-ganglionic nerves that release ACH
33
What is the name of the receptor that recognizes acetylcholine released from postganglionic parasympathetic nerves?
muscarinic receptor
34
What can block muscarinic receptors?
atropine or glycopyrolate
35
What are adrenergic nerves?
sympathetic post-ganglionic nerves that release norepinephrine
36
What does the adrenal gland mainly secrete?
epinephrine
37
What other things can sympathetic post-ganglionic fibers secrete?
neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, and even ACH
38
What is the norepinephrine released by sympathetic post-ganglionic nerves recognized by?
alpha or beta adrenergic receptors
39
What are the target cells for postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers in the GI tract?
smooth muscle cells in GI wall, secretory epithelial cells, neuroendocrine cells within submucosa and mucosa, enteric nervous system cells
40
What is the function of the smooth muscle cells in the GI wall?
contractility and blood flow
41
What do the secretory epithelial cells of the GI tract secrete?
mucous, enzymes, chloride secretion, and saliva
42
What are parasympathomimetic drugs?
parasympathetic agonists
43
What are some types of parasympathomimetic drugs?
nicotine, pilocarpine, and metacholine
44
What does nicotine do?
activates nicotinic receptors
45
What does pilocarpine and metacholine do?
activate muscarinic receptors
46
What are cholinesterase inhibitors?
organophosphates
47
What are some cholinesterase inhibitors?
neostigmine, pyridostigmine, ambenonium
48
What do cholinesterase inhibitors do?
potentiate the affect of acetylcholine on nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors
49
What are some anti-muscarinic drugs?
atropine, glycopyrolate, and scopolamine
50
What do anti-muscarinic drugs do?
block the effect of acetylcholine on target cells, slow the gut, stop saliva secretion, and increase heart rate
51
What are some sympathomimetic drugs?
phenylephrine, isoproterenol
52
What do sympathomimetic drugs do?
activate alpha or beta receptors
53
What is a sympathatic agonist drug?
propranolol
54
What do sympathetic agonists do?
block beta 1 and 2
55
What is in charge of the intrinsic control of the GI tract?
the enteric nervous system
56
What are the 2 parts of the enteric nervous system?
myenteric plexus and the submucosal plexus
57
What is in charge of the extrinsic conrol of the GI tract?
the autonomic nervous system
58
What does the parasympathetic control of the GI tract mainly do?
stimulates
59
What does the sympathetic control of the GI tract mainly do?
inhibits
60
Where is the enteric nervous system located?
in the gut wall submucosa and between the muscle layers from the esophagus to the anus
61
What is the enteric nervous system composed of?
cell bodies with axons, dendrites, and receptors
62
What does the enteric nervous system receive input from?
GI tract epithelial cells, sensory cells, other enteric nervous system neurons and the autonomic nervous system
63
Where is the myenteric plexus located?
from the esophagus to the anus between the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers
64
What is the function of the myenteric plexus?
it controls GI motility
65
What are the stimulatory influences of the myenteric plexus?
increase tonic contraction and contraction frequency/intensity
66
What are the inhibitory influences of the myenteric plexus?
decreased sphincter tone - pyloric sphincter, ileocecal sphincter, and lower esophageal sphincter
67
Where is the submucosal plexus located?
in the mucosal layer from the esophagus to the anus
68
What is the function of the submucosal plexus?
secretion by glands of the gut and epithelial cells of the gut, secretion of hormones by neuroendocrine cells, contraction of the muscularis mucosa to shorten or lengthen villi
69
Approximately how many liters of saliva does a 20 kg dog secrete?
.3 liters/day
70
Approximately how many liters of saliva does man secrete a day?
1.5 liters
71
Approximately how many liters of saliva does a cow secrete a day?
60-180 liters
72
What is the amount of saliva a cow secretes dependent on?
% forage indiet and moisture content of the diet
73
What are the two types of salivary secretions?
mucous and serous
74
Characterize mucous saliva secretion.
lubricating effect from mucin, hypotonic, poor buffer
75
Characterize serous saliva secretion.
watery with digestive enzymes, strongly buffered but still hypotonic
76
What is a major digestive enzyme in serous saliva?
amylase
77
What type of saliva does the parotid gland secrete?
serous saliva
78
What is the parotid salivary gland parasympathetically supported by?
the glossopharyngeal nerve
79
What type of saliva does the submaxillary salivary gland secrete?
both mucous and serous saliva
80
What is the submaxillary salivary gland parasympathetically supported by?
the facial nerve
81
What type of saliva does the sublingual salivary gland secrete?
mucous saliva
82
What is the sublingual salivary gland parasympathetically supported by?
the facial nerve
83
What is the function of saliva?
moisten and lubricate bolis, begin starch and fat digesiton, reduce osmolarity, buffer activity, and contains anti-bacterial substances
84
What is the pH of non-ruminant saliva?
7
85
What is the pH of ruminant saliva?
8.5
86
What is the function of saliva in ruminants?
buffer acids produced in the rumen
87
What is the secretion of the saliva dependent on in ruminants?
chewing action- the more chewing the more saliva (specifically the parotid gland)
88
What can salivary secretion be blocked by in all species?
atropine and glycopyrolate
89
What is slaframine slobbers?
Alkaloid made by black patch mold rhizoctonia leguminocola found in moldy legume haye (especially red clover) - has parasympathomimetic effects
90
What type of sympathetic receptors are on salivary glands?
adrenergic receptors
91
How can the sympathetic nervous system effect salivary secretions?
it can result in excessive salivation in some species or no secretions (cotton mouth) via circulating catecholamines from the adrenal gland

Histology Pt. 2 (52 decks)

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