Nutrition Review and Other Random Shit From Lecture 3

Question 1

What are the types of monosaccharides?

Answer 1

altoses and ketoses

Question 2

What are the types of disaccharides?

Answer 2

maltose, cellobiose, lactose, and sucrose

Question 3

When is maltose released?

Answer 3

during starch digestion

Question 4

When is cellobiose released?

Answer 4

during cellulose digestion

Question 5

What can cellobiose be broken down by?

Answer 5

only by microbes

Question 6

Where is lactose found?

Answer 6

exclusively in milk

Question 7

What is the difference between amylopectin and glycogen?

Answer 7

glycogen is very similar to ammylopectin, it is just more branchedd

Question 8

What are plant cell walls made up of?

Answer 8

cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, and lignin

Question 9

What percentage of the cell wall is cellulose?

Answer 9

50%

Question 10

What is capable of breaking up the cellulose linkage?

Answer 10

cellulase

Question 11

Where is cellulase found?

Answer 11

only in cellulolytic bacteria which is why cows and horses are so dependent on bacteria

Question 12

What percentage of the cell wall is hemicellulose?

Answer 12

15-30%

Question 13

What is capable of breaking up the hemicellulose linkage?

Answer 13

hemicellulases

Question 14

What are hemicellulases only present in?

Answer 14

bacteria

Question 15

What percentage of the cell wall are pectins?

Answer 15

5-10%

Question 16

What are the function of pectins?

Answer 16

they act as cement between the other structural carbohydrates of non-woody portions of plant cell walls

Question 17

What are pectins broken down by?

Answer 17

pectic enzymes

Question 18

What percentage of the cell wall is made up of lignin?

Answer 18

20-30%

Question 19

What is lignin degraded by?

Answer 19

nothing that vertebrates or their bacteria have

Question 20

What percentage of the cell wall components do ruminants utilize?

Answer 20

90% of cellulose and pectin, 50-90% of hemicellulose, and 5% of lignin

Question 21

What percentage of pectin do non-ruminants utilize?

Answer 21

60-80%

Question 22

How much gross energy can you get from proteins?

Answer 22

5.7 kcal/gram

Question 23

What are the essential amino acids?

Answer 23

phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, arginine, lysine, leucine

Question 24

In addition to the essential amino acids, what else do cats need?

Answer 24

taurine

Question 25

How much gross energy can you get from lipids?

Answer 25

9.4 kcal/g

Question 26

What is the flow of the birds GI tract?

Answer 26

crop to proventriculus to gizzard to small intestine to large intestine

Question 27

What do the villi of the small intestine privide?

Answer 27

increased surface area

Question 28

What are the layers of the small intestine?

Answer 28

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa

Question 29

What is the mucosal layer of the small intestine composed of?

Answer 29

intestinal absorptive cells, basement membrane, lamina propria, venules, arterioles, lymph

Question 30

Where is the submucosal nerve plexus located?

Answer 30

in the submucosa layer of the small intestine

Question 31

Where is the myenteric nerve plexus located?

Answer 31

in the muscularis layer of the small intestine

Question 32

What is deglutination?

Answer 32

swallowing

Question 33

How do dogs, cats, and birds eat?

Answer 33

they move their head and jaws to manipulate food into the mouth

Question 34

How do ruminants eat?

Answer 34

they use their tongue, swallow fast, and chew later

Question 35

How do horses eat?

Answer 35

very precisely

Question 36

How do rabbits teeth grow?

Answer 36

their incisors, premolars, and molars continue to erupt and grow throughout their life; they have no true roots

Question 37

What can malocclusion and spurs in rabbits cause?

Answer 37

slobbers, matted coat, inapettance, lack of caecotrophy, halitosis, flystrike, GI disturbance

Question 38

Which part of rodent dentition permanently grows?

Answer 38

the incisors

Question 39

During deglutination, what do the pharyngeal receptors send afferents via?

Answer 39

cranial nerves 5, 9, and 10

Question 40

During deglutination, what does the medulla send efferents along?

Answer 40

cranial nerves 7, 9, 10, and 12

Question 41

What can cause problems with swallowing?

Answer 41

aspiration pneumonia, palate paresis, milk fever cows, guttural pouch infection, medullary tumors, cleft palate, rabies

Question 42

How can aspiration pneumonia cause problems with swallowing?

Answer 42

failure to close the glottis

Question 43

How can palate paresis cause problems with swallowing?

Answer 43

it causes food to come out of the nostrils because the nasopharynx cannot close

Question 44

How can milk fever cause problems with swallowing?

Answer 44

it leads to low muscle function

Question 45

How can guttural pouch infections cause problems with swallowing?

Answer 45

it leads to damage to CN 9, 10, and 12

Question 46

How can medullary tumors lead to problems with swallowing?

Answer 46

it leads to damage to CN 5, 7, 9, 10, and 12