Anderson Intro 2

Question 1

cell membrane

Answer 1

phospholipid bilayer

Question 2

example of stuff that crosses cell membrane

Answer 2

gasses/steroids

Question 3

example of stuff that doesn’t cross cell membrane

Answer 3

Na+/Cl-/glucose/H2O

Question 4

integral proteins

Answer 4

span entire cell membrane

Question 5

peripheral proteins

Answer 5

only span one side of cell membrane (either internal or external)

Question 6

Na+/K+ transporter (what goes in/out of cell? energy use?)

Answer 6

3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in

uses ATP to pump against gradient

Question 7

which transporter uses ATP (passive, facilitates or active?)

Answer 7

active

Question 8

which transporter (passive, facilitated, or active) is substrate specific?

Answer 8

facilitated

active

Question 9

types of endocytosis and description of each

Answer 9

pinocytosis - small stuff into cell

phagocytosis- large stuff into cell

Question 10

getting stuff out of cells is called?

Answer 10

exocytosis

Question 11

define osmolarity and provide equation

Answer 11

how thick solution is
Osmolarity = g X C
g= particles in solution; C= concentration

Question 12

how does water move?

Answer 12

water moves to hyperosmotic solution

Question 13

what is inside a cell (ICF)

Answer 13

lots of K+ and Mg

Question 14

what is outside of a cell (ECF)

Answer 14

lots of Na+ and Ca, Cl- too

Question 15

what starts the AP (action potential)? what is this process called?

Answer 15

• Na+ conductance (open the Na+ channels) and sodium floods into cell (remember sodium is in high conc. extracellularly, so given the chance it wants to go inside the cell down it’s conc. gradient)
• depolarization (cell interior becomes less neg)

Question 16

what accounts for the hyperpolarization?

Answer 16

K+ conductance (open the K+ channels) just after Na+ channels open, and we get mass exodus of K+ (K+ going down it’s conc. gradient). K+ channels stay open slightly longer than Na+, resulting in hyperpolarization

Question 17

what’s the basis for sympathetic activity?

Answer 17

adrenergic receptors (Epi/NE)

Question 18

action of alpha-1 receptor?

Answer 18

go to tubular system (vascular, GI systems)
vascular effect= excitatory (vasoconstriction)
GI= inhibitory (shuts down digestion)

Question 19

action of alpha-2 receptor?

Answer 19

shut down CNS (brain, spinal cord)

protective mechanism in response to flood of Epi/NE

Question 20

action of beta-1 receptor?

Answer 20

targets the heart, to pump harder and faster

Question 21

action of beta-2 receptor?

Answer 21

targets the lungs, two actions:
-paralysis of smooth muscle in lungs causing breathing passages to dilate
-only place in body under sympathetic action where the blood vessels dilate
(open airways + open blood vessels)

Question 22

what does EPSP stand for? what does it mean?

Answer 22

-excitatory prost synaptic potential = voting system in CNS, graded system where enough votes (>10) then carry out action

Question 23

what does IPSP stand for? what does it mean?

Answer 23

-inhibitory post synaptic potential = NO amnt of votes to carry out action bc in hyperpolarization state

Question 24

what are we talking about by EPSP/IPSP?

Answer 24

talking about AP in brain, so much info due to density of nerves that no individual synapse has voting power - more of a democracy

Question 25

whats a 1st messenger in cell signaling?

Answer 25

lights up receptor on outside of cell ligand system Epi/NE, seratonin

Question 26

whats a 2nd messenger in cell signaling?

Answer 26

inside cell carries out action cAMP, cGMP, etc

Question 27

what are types of reversible cellular injury?

Answer 27

``` degeneration cloudy swelling + hydropic degeneration fatty degeneration hyalin degeneration myxomatous degeneration ```

Question 28

what are types of irreversible cellular injury?

Answer 28

``` coagulation necrosis caseous necrosis liquefactive necrosis fat necrosis gangrene ```

Question 29

define coagulation necrosis

Answer 29

denaturation + coagulation of cytoplasmic protein | characteristic of cell death in all cell but brain

Question 30

define caseous necrosis

Answer 30

distinct form of coag. necrosis: gross white and cheesy appearance of necrosis (TB)

Question 31

define liquefactive necrosis

Answer 31

results from enzymatic digestion by leukocytes (brain + fatty tissue)

Question 32

define fat necrosis

Answer 32

focal areas of fat destruction from abnormal release of activated pancreatic enzymes (lipases) --> pancreatitis

Question 33

types of gangrene

Answer 33

``` dry= no blood, no sepsis wet= coag. necrosis, bact. infxn gas = clostridium perfringens ```

Question 34

describe the calcification of tissue

Answer 34

hardening of tissue due to calcium salt deposits (due to pH changes)

Question 35

describe extracellular calcification

Answer 35

calcium salt is complexed with factors II, VII, IX, + X | requires vit K

Question 36

define metaplasia

Answer 36

change from one cell type to another cell within that same tissue

Question 37

define dysplasia

Answer 37

abnormal tissue development | *reversible if offending cause is removed

Question 38

grading cancer is?

Answer 38

the level of cellular differentiation, I - IV | the lower the grade, the more like parent tissue it looks

Question 39

define grade I

Answer 39

cells look like parent tissue

Question 40

define grade II/III

Answer 40

varying changes from original tissue

Question 41

define grade IV

Answer 41

no resemblances to parent tissue, fully anaplastic

Question 42

staging cancer is?

Answer 42

extent of spread of cancer and size of original tumor, 0-IV

Question 43

stage 0

Answer 43

in situ

Question 44

carcinoma tissue involved ex

Answer 44

epithelial tissue/organ tissue 90% of all CA adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma

Question 45

melanoma | tissue involved

Answer 45

skin

Question 46

sarcoma tissue involved ex

Answer 46

connective tissue | osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma

Question 47

what's an oncogene?

Answer 47

go! gene that promotes cell division | produces cancer

Question 48

what's a supressor gene?

Answer 48

stop! Inhibits cellular division | anti-oncogene

Question 49

where are tumor markers found?

Answer 49

In blood | see elev. of these proteins in serum

Question 50

CA 15-3 associated with

Answer 50

breast CA

Question 51

CA 19-9 associated with

Answer 51

pancreatic CA

Question 52

CA 125 associated with

Answer 52

ovarian CA