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Anderson Intro 2 Flashcards

1
Q

cell membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer

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2
Q

example of stuff that crosses cell membrane

A

gasses/steroids

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3
Q

example of stuff that doesn’t cross cell membrane

A

Na+/Cl-/glucose/H2O

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4
Q

integral proteins

A

span entire cell membrane

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5
Q

peripheral proteins

A

only span one side of cell membrane (either internal or external)

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6
Q

Na+/K+ transporter (what goes in/out of cell? energy use?)

A

3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in

uses ATP to pump against gradient

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7
Q

which transporter uses ATP (passive, facilitates or active?)

A

active

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8
Q

which transporter (passive, facilitated, or active) is substrate specific?

A

facilitated

active

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9
Q

types of endocytosis and description of each

A

pinocytosis - small stuff into cell

phagocytosis- large stuff into cell

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10
Q

getting stuff out of cells is called?

A

exocytosis

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11
Q

define osmolarity and provide equation

A

how thick solution is
Osmolarity = g X C
g= particles in solution; C= concentration

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12
Q

how does water move?

A

water moves to hyperosmotic solution

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13
Q

what is inside a cell (ICF)

A

lots of K+ and Mg

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14
Q

what is outside of a cell (ECF)

A

lots of Na+ and Ca, Cl- too

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15
Q

what starts the AP (action potential)? what is this process called?

A
  • Na+ conductance (open the Na+ channels) and sodium floods into cell (remember sodium is in high conc. extracellularly, so given the chance it wants to go inside the cell down it’s conc. gradient)
  • depolarization (cell interior becomes less neg)
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16
Q

what accounts for the hyperpolarization?

A

K+ conductance (open the K+ channels) just after Na+ channels open, and we get mass exodus of K+ (K+ going down it’s conc. gradient). K+ channels stay open slightly longer than Na+, resulting in hyperpolarization

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17
Q

what’s the basis for sympathetic activity?

A

adrenergic receptors (Epi/NE)

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18
Q

action of alpha-1 receptor?

A

go to tubular system (vascular, GI systems)
vascular effect= excitatory (vasoconstriction)
GI= inhibitory (shuts down digestion)

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19
Q

action of alpha-2 receptor?

A

shut down CNS (brain, spinal cord)

protective mechanism in response to flood of Epi/NE

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20
Q

action of beta-1 receptor?

A

targets the heart, to pump harder and faster

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21
Q

action of beta-2 receptor?

A

targets the lungs, two actions:
-paralysis of smooth muscle in lungs causing breathing passages to dilate
-only place in body under sympathetic action where the blood vessels dilate
(open airways + open blood vessels)

22
Q

what does EPSP stand for? what does it mean?

A

-excitatory prost synaptic potential = voting system in CNS, graded system where enough votes (>10) then carry out action

23
Q

what does IPSP stand for? what does it mean?

A

-inhibitory post synaptic potential = NO amnt of votes to carry out action bc in hyperpolarization state

24
Q

what are we talking about by EPSP/IPSP?

A

talking about AP in brain, so much info due to density of nerves that no individual synapse has voting power - more of a democracy

25
Q

whats a 1st messenger in cell signaling?

A

lights up receptor
on outside of cell
ligand system
Epi/NE, seratonin

26
Q

whats a 2nd messenger in cell signaling?

A

inside cell
carries out action
cAMP, cGMP, etc

27
Q

what are types of reversible cellular injury?

A 
degeneration
cloudy swelling + hydropic degeneration
fatty degeneration
hyalin degeneration
myxomatous degeneration
28
Q

what are types of irreversible cellular injury?

A 
coagulation necrosis
caseous necrosis
liquefactive necrosis
fat necrosis
gangrene
29
Q

define coagulation necrosis

A

denaturation + coagulation of cytoplasmic protein

characteristic of cell death in all cell but brain

30
Q

define caseous necrosis

A

distinct form of coag. necrosis: gross white and cheesy appearance of necrosis (TB)

31
Q

define liquefactive necrosis

A

results from enzymatic digestion by leukocytes (brain + fatty tissue)

32
Q

define fat necrosis

A

focal areas of fat destruction from abnormal release of activated pancreatic enzymes (lipases) –> pancreatitis

33
Q

types of gangrene

A 
dry= no blood, no sepsis
wet= coag. necrosis, bact. infxn
gas = clostridium perfringens
34
Q

describe the calcification of tissue

A

hardening of tissue due to calcium salt deposits (due to pH changes)

35
Q

describe extracellular calcification

A

calcium salt is complexed with factors II, VII, IX, + X

requires vit K

36
Q

define metaplasia

A

change from one cell type to another cell within that same tissue

37
Q

define dysplasia

A

abnormal tissue development

*reversible if offending cause is removed

38
Q

grading cancer is?

A

the level of cellular differentiation, I - IV

the lower the grade, the more like parent tissue it looks

39
Q

define grade I

A

cells look like parent tissue

40
Q

define grade II/III

A

varying changes from original tissue

41
Q

define grade IV

A

no resemblances to parent tissue, fully anaplastic

42
Q

staging cancer is?

A

extent of spread of cancer and size of original tumor, 0-IV

43
Q

stage 0

A

in situ

44
Q

carcinoma
tissue involved
ex

A

epithelial tissue/organ tissue
90% of all CA
adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma

45
Q

melanoma

tissue involved

A

skin

46
Q

sarcoma
tissue involved
ex

A

connective tissue

osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma

47
Q

what’s an oncogene?

A

go! gene that promotes cell division

produces cancer

48
Q

what’s a supressor gene?

A

stop! Inhibits cellular division

anti-oncogene

49
Q

where are tumor markers found?

A

In blood

see elev. of these proteins in serum

50
Q

CA 15-3 associated with

A

breast CA

51
Q

CA 19-9 associated with

A

pancreatic CA

52
Q

CA 125 associated with

A

ovarian CA

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