cell membrane
phospholipid bilayer
example of stuff that crosses cell membrane
gasses/steroids
example of stuff that doesn’t cross cell membrane
Na+/Cl-/glucose/H2O
integral proteins
span entire cell membrane
peripheral proteins
only span one side of cell membrane (either internal or external)
Na+/K+ transporter (what goes in/out of cell? energy use?)
3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in
uses ATP to pump against gradient
which transporter uses ATP (passive, facilitates or active?)
active
which transporter (passive, facilitated, or active) is substrate specific?
facilitated
active
types of endocytosis and description of each
pinocytosis - small stuff into cell
phagocytosis- large stuff into cell
getting stuff out of cells is called?
exocytosis
define osmolarity and provide equation
how thick solution is
Osmolarity = g X C
g= particles in solution; C= concentration
how does water move?
water moves to hyperosmotic solution
what is inside a cell (ICF)
lots of K+ and Mg
what is outside of a cell (ECF)
lots of Na+ and Ca, Cl- too
what starts the AP (action potential)? what is this process called?
- Na+ conductance (open the Na+ channels) and sodium floods into cell (remember sodium is in high conc. extracellularly, so given the chance it wants to go inside the cell down it’s conc. gradient)
- depolarization (cell interior becomes less neg)
what accounts for the hyperpolarization?
K+ conductance (open the K+ channels) just after Na+ channels open, and we get mass exodus of K+ (K+ going down it’s conc. gradient). K+ channels stay open slightly longer than Na+, resulting in hyperpolarization
what’s the basis for sympathetic activity?
adrenergic receptors (Epi/NE)
action of alpha-1 receptor?
go to tubular system (vascular, GI systems)
vascular effect= excitatory (vasoconstriction)
GI= inhibitory (shuts down digestion)
action of alpha-2 receptor?
shut down CNS (brain, spinal cord)
protective mechanism in response to flood of Epi/NE
action of beta-1 receptor?
targets the heart, to pump harder and faster
action of beta-2 receptor?
targets the lungs, two actions:
-paralysis of smooth muscle in lungs causing breathing passages to dilate
-only place in body under sympathetic action where the blood vessels dilate
(open airways + open blood vessels)
what does EPSP stand for? what does it mean?
-excitatory prost synaptic potential = voting system in CNS, graded system where enough votes (>10) then carry out action
what does IPSP stand for? what does it mean?
-inhibitory post synaptic potential = NO amnt of votes to carry out action bc in hyperpolarization state
what are we talking about by EPSP/IPSP?
talking about AP in brain, so much info due to density of nerves that no individual synapse has voting power - more of a democracy
whats a 1st messenger in cell signaling?
lights up receptor
on outside of cell
ligand system
Epi/NE, seratonin
whats a 2nd messenger in cell signaling?
inside cell
carries out action
cAMP, cGMP, etc
what are types of reversible cellular injury?
degeneration cloudy swelling + hydropic degeneration fatty degeneration hyalin degeneration myxomatous degeneration
what are types of irreversible cellular injury?
coagulation necrosis caseous necrosis liquefactive necrosis fat necrosis gangrene
define coagulation necrosis
denaturation + coagulation of cytoplasmic protein
characteristic of cell death in all cell but brain
define caseous necrosis
distinct form of coag. necrosis: gross white and cheesy appearance of necrosis (TB)
define liquefactive necrosis
results from enzymatic digestion by leukocytes (brain + fatty tissue)
define fat necrosis
focal areas of fat destruction from abnormal release of activated pancreatic enzymes (lipases) –> pancreatitis
types of gangrene
dry= no blood, no sepsis wet= coag. necrosis, bact. infxn gas = clostridium perfringens
describe the calcification of tissue
hardening of tissue due to calcium salt deposits (due to pH changes)
describe extracellular calcification
calcium salt is complexed with factors II, VII, IX, + X
requires vit K
define metaplasia
change from one cell type to another cell within that same tissue
define dysplasia
abnormal tissue development
*reversible if offending cause is removed
grading cancer is?
the level of cellular differentiation, I - IV
the lower the grade, the more like parent tissue it looks
define grade I
cells look like parent tissue
define grade II/III
varying changes from original tissue
define grade IV
no resemblances to parent tissue, fully anaplastic
staging cancer is?
extent of spread of cancer and size of original tumor, 0-IV
stage 0
in situ
carcinoma
tissue involved
ex
epithelial tissue/organ tissue
90% of all CA
adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma
melanoma
tissue involved
skin
sarcoma
tissue involved
ex
connective tissue
osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma
what’s an oncogene?
go! gene that promotes cell division
produces cancer
what’s a supressor gene?
stop! Inhibits cellular division
anti-oncogene
where are tumor markers found?
In blood
see elev. of these proteins in serum
CA 15-3 associated with
breast CA
CA 19-9 associated with
pancreatic CA
CA 125 associated with
ovarian CA
