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First Aid Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

long vascular channels in red pulp with “barrel hoop” basement membrane?

A

sinusoids of spleen

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2
Q

where are t-cells found in spleen?

A

periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS) within white pulp

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3
Q

Where are B-cells found in spleen?

A

follicles within white pulp

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4
Q

Where are APCs and specialized B-cells found in spleen?

A

marginal zone between red and white pulp

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5
Q

What organisms increase susceptibility to encapsulated organisms?

A 
SHiNE SKiS
Strep pneumoniae
H flu
Neisseria meningitidis
E Coli
Salmonella spp
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Strep (Group B Streptococci)
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6
Q

site of t-cell differentiation and maturation

A

thymus

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7
Q

what is thymus derived from?

A

third pharyngeal pouch.

lymphocytes of mesenchymal origin

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8
Q

T-cells =

B-cells =

A 
t-cells = thymus
b-cells = bone marrow
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9
Q

components of innate immunity

A 
neuts
macrophages
monocytes
dendritic cells
NK cells
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10
Q

components of adaptive immunity

A

t-cells
b-cells
circulation ab

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11
Q

mechanism of adaptive immunity

A

variation

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12
Q

mechanism of innate immunity

A

germline encoded

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13
Q

resistance of innate immunity

A

persists through generations

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14
Q

resistance of adaptive immunity

A

not heritable

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15
Q

which is specific in it’s response to pathogens? innate or adaptive immunity?

A

adaptive

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16
Q

secreted proteins of innate immunity

A

lysozyme, complement, c-reactive protein, defensins

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17
Q

secreted proteins of adaptive immunity

A

immunoglobulins

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18
Q

key features in pathogen recognition of innate immunity

A

TLRs (LPS and ssRNA)

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19
Q

key features in pathogen recognition of adaptive immunity

A

memory cells (B and T cells)

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20
Q

MHC I loci

A

HLA-A
HLA-B
HLA-C

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21
Q

MHC II loci

A

HLA-DR
HLA-DP
HLA-DQ

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22
Q

MHC I binding

A

TCR and CD8

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23
Q

MHC II binding

A

TCR and CD4

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24
Q

MHC I expression

A

expressed on all nucleated cells (not RBCs)

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25
Q

MHC II expression

A

expressed on APCs

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26
Q

function of MHC I

A

present endogenously synthesized antigens (viral proteins) to CD8 cytoxic T cells

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27
Q

function of MHC II

A

present exogenously synthesized antigens (bacterial proteins) to CD4 helper T cells

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28
Q

MHC I associated proteins

A

beta 2-microglobulin

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29
Q

MHC II associated proteins

A

invariant chain

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30
Q

Which HLA subtype is associated with hemachromatosis?

A

A3

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31
Q

Which HLA subtype is associated with the PAIR acronym?

A

B27

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32
Q

What is the acronym associated with the B27 HLA subtype?

A 
PAIR
Psoriatic arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
arthritis of Inflamatory bowel disease
Reactive arthritis
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33
Q

Which HLA subtype is associated with celiac disease?

A

DQ2/DQ8

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34
Q

Which HLA subtype is associated with multiple sclerosis, hay fever, SLE, Goodpasture syndrome?

A

DR2

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35
Q

Which HLA subtype is associated with DM1, SLE, Graves dz, Hashimotos thyroiditis

A

DR3

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36
Q

Which HLA subtype is associated with rheumatoid arthritis and DM1

A

DR4

37
Q

Which HLA subtype is associated with pernicious anemia, B12 deficiency, hashimotos?

A

DR5

38
Q

There are 4 walls in a room (rheum)

A

rheumatoid arthritis is associated with DR4

39
Q

What uses perforin and granzmes to induce apoptosis of virally infected cells and tumor cells.

A

Natural killer cells

40
Q

What’s activity is enhanced by IL-2, IL-12, IFN-alpha and IFN- beta?

A

natural killer cells

41
Q

What are the major functions of B-cells?

A
  • recognize antigen: undergo somatic hypermutation to optimize antigen specificity
  • produce ab: differentiate into plasma cells to secrete specific immunoglobulins
  • maintain immunologic memory
42
Q

CD4 T-cell functions

A

help B cells make ab and produce cytokines to recruit phagocytes and activate other leukocytes

43
Q

CD8 T-cell functions

A

directly kill virus infected cells

44
Q

Rule of 8 in reference to T-cell functions

A

MHC II X CD4 = 8

MHC I X CD8 = 8

45
Q

Helper Th1 cells secrete

A

IFN-gamma

46
Q

Helper Th2 cells secrete

A

IL-4
IL-5
IL-10
IL-13

47
Q

What do Th1 help T cells do?

A

activate macrophages and cytotoxic T cells

48
Q

What do Th2 help T cells do?

A

Recruit eosinophils for parasite defense and promote IgE production by B cells

49
Q

What inhibits Th1 and Th2 cells?

A

IL-4 and IL-10 inhibit Th1

TNF-gamma inhibits Th2

50
Q

who has CD4, which binds to MHC II on APC?

A

Helper T-cells

51
Q

kills virus-infected, neoplastic, and donor graft cells by inducing apoptosis

A

cytotoxic T cells

52
Q

Have CD8 which binds to MHC I on virus-infected cells

A

cytotoxic T cells

53
Q

help maintain specific immune tolerance by suppressing CD4 and CD8 T-cell effector functions and identified by expression of CD3, CD4, CD25, and FOXP3

A

regulatory T cells

54
Q

APCs

A

B-cells
macrophages
dendritic cells

55
Q

Fab (variable region on abtibody)

A

Fragment, antigen binding

56
Q

Fc region of IgM and IgG fixes complement (CCCC)

A 
Constant
Carboxyl terminal
Complement binding
Carbohydrate side chains
- determines isotope (IgM, IgD, etc)
57
Q

opsonization

A

antibody promotes phagocytosis

58
Q

neutralization

A

antibody prevents bacterial adherence

59
Q

complement activation

A

ab activates complement, enhancing opsonization and lysis

60
Q

What do mature B cells express?

A

IgM and IgD

61
Q

isotope switching

A

gene rearangement mediated by cytokines and CD40L

- switch into plasma cells that secrete IgA IgE or IgG

62
Q

Most abundant isotope in serum

A

IgG

63
Q
  • prevents attachment of bacteria and viruses to mucous membranes
  • produced in GI tract and protects against gut infections
  • has secretory component
A

IgA

64
Q
  • produced in primary immediate response to an antigen

- does not cross placenta

A

IgM

65
Q
  • binds mast cells and basophils

- cross links when exposed to ag, mediating immediate type 1 hypersensitivity through release of histamine

A

IgE

66
Q

Difference between thymus dependent and independent antigens

A
  • thymus dependent contain protein component and there is class switching and immunologic memory
  • independent lack peptide component and cannot be presented by MHC to T cells (need booster/adjuvant)
67
Q

change in response to inflammation
produced in liver
induced by IL-6

A

acute phase reactants

68
Q

coagulation factor that promotes endothelial repair

A

fibrinogen

69
Q

prevents release of iron bound by ferritin (anemia of chronic disease)

A

hepcidin

70
Q

opsonin: fixes complement and facilitates phagocytosis

- measure of inflammation

A

C-reactive protein

71
Q

binds and sequestered iron

A

ferritin

72
Q

reduction conserves amino acids for positive reactants

A

albumin

73
Q

internalized by macrophages to sequester iron

A

transferrin

74
Q

what two acute phase reactants are negative/downregulated?

A

albumin and transferrin

75
Q

system of hepatically made proteins that play a role in innate immunity and inflammation
- MAC protects against gram-neg bacteria

A

complement

76
Q

activation of complement classic pathway

A

IgG or IgM mediated (GM makes classic cars)

77
Q

functions of complement

A
  • C3a, C4a, C5a - anaphylaxis (aaaa)

* C3b - opsinization - binds bacteria (bbb)

78
Q

complement disorders

A

C1 esterase inhibitor def: hereditary angioedema
C3 def: increased risk of severe pyogenic sinus and resp tract infections
C5-C9 def: recurrent neisseria
DAF def: causes complement-mediated lysis of RBCs

79
Q

Hot-T-bone stEAK nemonic for IL’s

A 
IL-1: fever (hot)
IL-2: stimulates T-cells
IL-3: stimulates bone marrow
IL-4: stimulates IgE production
IL-5: stimulates IgA production
IL-6: stimulates aKute-phase protein
80
Q

TNF-alpha

A

mediates septic shock

81
Q

IL-12

A

Induces T cells into Th1 cells

82
Q

IL-8

A

major chemotactic factor for neutrophils (clean up on isle 8)

83
Q

INF-gamma

A

secreted by NK cells and stimulates macrophages to kill phagocytksed pathogens

84
Q

IL-10

A

modulates inflammatory response

attenuates immune response (10 and ten in attenuate)

85
Q

activation of NADPH phagocyte and plays an important role in immune response release of ROS.

A

respiratory/oxidative burst

86
Q

deficiency of NADPH oxidase

A

chronic granulomatous disease

- increased risk of infxn by S. aureus, aspergillus

87
Q

a part of innate host defense against RNA and DNA viruses

act locally on uninfected cells, priming them for viral defense. Results in apoptosis, disrupting viral amplification

A

interferon alpha and beta

88
Q

self surface protein MHC I presents on which cells

A

all nucleated cells (not mature RBCs)

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