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Anderson Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

3 portions of urethra

A

prostatic
membranous
spongy

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2
Q

where is utricle

why is it significant?

A

in prostatic urethra

swells in prostate cancer

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3
Q

erectile tissues

A 
corpora cavernosa (2 erectile bodies)
corpus spongiosum (anti-erectile body to protect penile urethra during ejaculation)
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4
Q

what is one unit with glans

A

corpus spongeosum (cavernosa are separate)

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5
Q

what confluens in penile urethra?

A

vas deferens and seminal vessicles

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6
Q

what structures contribute to ejaculate?

A

vas deferens
seminal vessicle
bulbourethral glands

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7
Q

what cells make testosterone in testes

A

interstitial cells of ledig

in overies, interstitial cells make estrogen

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8
Q

what does 5 alpha reductase do?

A

testosterone into dihydrotestosterone

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9
Q

what do LH and FSH do in males?

A

LH to ledig cells to produce testosterone

FSH to sertoli cells to produce inhibin (negative feedback to LH production)

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10
Q

what do androgens do?

A

sexual differentiation

maintenance of connective tissue, bone, muscle

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11
Q

what is associated with seminoma later in life?

A

cryptorchidism (undescended testes)

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12
Q

epididymitis/orchitis

A

E. Coli, Chlamydia, GC, pseudamonas

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13
Q

bacterial prostatitis

A

chlamydia, GC, people who have been catheterized

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14
Q

prostate with Ca is
prostate with hyperplasia/bph
prostate with prostatitis

A

nodular
swollen
painful and swollen

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15
Q

myometrium

endometrium

A

myometrium is thick muscular layer on outside and endometrium is on the inside.

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16
Q

what types of HPV cause cervical CA

A

16, 18, 31, 33

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17
Q

physical finding of cervical ca

A

bleeding after intercourse due to friable cervix

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18
Q

role of estrogen and progesterone and their phase

A

estrogen is proliferative in follicular phase

progesterone is in luteal phase and maintain

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19
Q

chronic endometritis

A

PID
IUDs
TB
chlamydia

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20
Q

most common invasive cancer of female tract

A

uterine adenocarcinoma:
high estrogen
low progesterone
- DM, HTN, nulliparous

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21
Q

pathonemonic sign of uterine adenocarcinoma in post menopausal women

A

bleeding

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22
Q

PCOS is related to

A

insulin resistance in the body

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23
Q

PCOS (Stein-Leventhal Syndrome)

A

hyperprolactinemia, androgen excess, young women, menstrual disorders, inability to conceive, hirsuitism

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24
Q

bartholin vs skene gland

A

bartholin gland is lower in perivestibular area: bartholin cysts can get bigger because have place to grow

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25
Q

bartholin cysts

A 
local bacteria (e.coli, staph, strep) 
Can also be presenting sign of gonorrhea.
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26
Q

Gartner’s Duct Cysts

A

common in lateral wall of vagina

Wolffian duct remnants

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27
Q

see clear cell adenocarcinoma in women who’s mother took

A

DES

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28
Q

progesterone is

A

thermogenic, so temperature rises during luteal phase

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29
Q

what differentiates ovaries from testes

A

aromatase

- when you aromatize testosterone, it turns into progesterone

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30
Q

main estrogen type

type of estrogen during pregancy

A

17 beta estradiol

estrione

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31
Q

what are actions of progesterone

A

inhibits estrogen
increases cervical mucus consistency
stimulates growth of endometrium
inhibits GnRH in CNS

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32
Q

average age of menopause

A

52
ovarian estrogen and progesterone decline
FSH and LH rise
adrenal hormone production dominates

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33
Q

benign breast conditions

A

congenital nipple inversion

glactocele

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34
Q

fibrocystic breast dz

A

excess estrogen
solitary cysts that is freely movable
painful changes with cycle

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35
Q

most common benign tumor of breast in women under 30

A

fibroadenoma
upper outer quadrant
solitary, discrete, freely movable

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36
Q

breast ca nodules

A

multinodular

don’t change with menses

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37
Q

number 1 female cancer

A

carcinoma (breast cancer)
mutation of BRCA 1 gene
early menarche, late menopause, nulliparous

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38
Q

Paget’s Disease of the Breast

A

Late stage infiltrating carcinoma causes inflammation of tissue on nipple
older patients
poor prognosis

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39
Q

when does sperm growth start?

A

puberty

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40
Q

what is the difference between sperm and ova primordial gamete cell to mature cells

A

spermatogenis: 1:4
oogenesis: 1:1

41
Q

germinal epithelium is what type of tissue

A

cuboidal

42
Q

how many chromosoms to spermatagonium have?

A

46

43
Q

in spermatogenesis: 1st meiotic divison

2nd meiotic division

A

23x and 23y spermatocytes

23x 23x 23y 23y spermatids

44
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

epididymis

45
Q

oogensis primary oocyte is
1st mieotic division
2nd meitotic division

A

46xx
23x oocyte
23x mature oocyte

46
Q

what type of cells nurse spermatids into full sperm?

A

sertoli cells

47
Q

where is primary oocyte arrested in development until ovulation?

A

prophase

48
Q

where is most common site of fertilization and also of ectopic pregnancy

A

ampulla

49
Q

zygote is

A

first unicellular organism

50
Q

1st stage of oogensis
2nd stage
3rd
4th

A

fertilization in ampulla 1st mitotic division zygote
blastomere (2 cells) through morula formation (day 2-3)
free blastocysts (day 4-5)
implantation of blastocysts (day 5-6)

51
Q

what is the morulla

A

when there are greater or = to 12 blastocysts inside

52
Q

what do trophoblasts do?

A

help provide HcG to stimulate corpus luteum and increase progesterone

53
Q

in what stage does implantation occur?

A

stage 4 when it is a blastocyst

54
Q

neural crest cells

A

precursor for teeth, PNS, melanocytes/pigmentation, CT and bones of face and neck

55
Q

neurulation

A

neural tube folding week 3

56
Q

week 4

A

whole embryo starts to fold and you see body cavities

57
Q

synctiotrphoblast

A

becomes placenta and is the thing that comes in contact with maternal circulation

58
Q

FSH
spike
low

A

promotes growth of follicles

spike: day 11-13
low: 4-5

59
Q

LH

spike

A

follicular swelling and eruption
stimulates granulosa cells to decrease estrogen and increase progesterone
spike 12-13

60
Q

blastocyst becomes

A

trophoblast : becomes synctioblast which becomes placenta

embryoblast: becomes epiblast or hypoblast

61
Q

epiblast becomes what

hypoblast becomes

A 
ectoderm or mesoderm or endoderm (gastrulation)
prochondral plaste (cranium and mouth)
62
Q

ectoderm becomes

A 
neural crest cells
post pituitary
skin
CNS
PNS
face
adrenal medulla
63
Q

mesoderm becomes

A 
adrenal cortex
muscle
bone
cartilage
gonads
heart
blood
kidneys
64
Q

endoderm becomes

A

gut tube (GI)
respiratory
GU

65
Q

week 4 pregnancy

A

folding embryo
4 heart chambers
4 limb buds

66
Q

systems affected by teratogens that have longer windows

A

CNS
eyes
teeth
external genitalia

67
Q

systems affected by teratogens that have shorter windows

A 
heart
limbs
palate
neural tube
ears
68
Q

what is folic acid important for

A

closure of neural tube (spina bifid a)

cell division

69
Q

what is estrogen like in puberty

A

low estrogen has negative feedback on hypothalamus (not enough GnRH)

70
Q

what happens with estrogen feedback system at puberty

A

it becomes less sensitive to negative feedback and more sensitive to positive feedback
increased hypothalamus production of GnRH
more ant pit LH/FSH
more gonads producing E/P

71
Q

what does estrogen affect

A

external genitalia, breast development, fat distribution, bone mass, increased transport proteins

72
Q

what does progesterone affect

A

corpus luteum, placenta, endometrial gland secretions, ligament laxity

73
Q

layers of the adrenals

A

innder to outer: medulla produces catecholamines
zona reticularis -> sex hormones
zona fasiculata -> cortisol (glucocorticoid)
zona glomerulosa -> adosterone (mineralcorticoid)

74
Q

what do thyroid hormones affect

A

basal metabolic rate, brain maturation, bone growth, beta adronergic activity (increased HR SV, CO

75
Q

thyroglobulin

A

holds onto thyroid hormones

76
Q

tyrosine

A

helps with thyroid hormone uptake into plasma

77
Q

antiporter for thyroid

A

sodium iodine (Na/K is most common Na transporter)

78
Q

what is increased in Hashimotos

A

anti-thyroglobulin and anti-TPO

79
Q

what is needed to help make deiodinase?

A

selenium

T4 to T3

80
Q

ant pit provides

post pit provides

A

prolactin - milk production

oxytocin - milk release

81
Q

purines

pyrimidines

A

purines: A,G,
pyrimidines: U,T,C

82
Q

nucleoside vs nucleotide

A

side: end in ine
tide: end in ate

83
Q

folic acid is cofactor for ___

A

purine biosynthesis

also involved in thymine for pyrimidines

84
Q

purines -> xanthine is oxidized into

A

uric acid via xanthine oxidase

85
Q

where can purines and pyrimidines be made

A

in liver (de novo synthesis)

86
Q

transcription

A

RNA from DNA

87
Q

replication

A 
Primase (RNA strand synthezised)
DNA polymerase (place holders)
NDA ligase (connects ozaki fragments)
88
Q

New DNA formed in a

old

A

5 to 3 prime (use ozaki fragments)

old DNA is 3 to 5

89
Q

mRNA makes what in protein synthesis

A

copy

90
Q

translation

A

formation of a protein

91
Q

most somatic cells spend the majority of their lives in what phase?

A

interphase (G1, S, G2)

92
Q

what does transcription factor bind to

A

TATA box (on promoter)

93
Q

Mendelian disorders/gene mutations

A

deletion or insertion of nucleotide bases within a specific gene in a chromosome

  • point mutation: substitution of single nucleotide base
  • frameshift mutation: insertion or deletion o fone or two base pairs
94
Q

examples of point mutations

examples of frameshift mutations

A

thalasemia or sickle cell disease

tay-sachs or cystic fibrosis

95
Q

karyotype abnormalities

A

Klinefelter’s: xxy
Turners: less common (menopause before menarche)
Trisomy 21 (47 chromosomes)

96
Q

most common karyotype abnormality

A

Klinefelter’s syndrome: extra x

97
Q

autosomal dominant mendelian abnormalitites

autosomal recessive

A

vonWillebrands familiarl hypercholesterolemia

PKU, sickle cell, thalassemias, lysosomal storage

98
Q

sex-linked recessive

sex-linked recessive

A

G6PD deficiency, hemophilia, fragile x syndrome

vitamin D deficient rickets (rare)

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