Ankle and Foot

Question 1

tibia and fibula articulate with which bone? [1]

Answer 1

tibia and fibula articulate with which bone? [1]
talus

Question 2

which bones do inversion / eversion movements of foot come from? [1]

Answer 2

which bones do inversion / eversion movements of foot come from? [1]
sub talus bones.

Question 3

Answer 3

Question 4

which movements does the ankle joint mainly permit? [2]

Answer 4

which movements does the ankle joint mainly permit? [1]
dorsiflexion & plantarflexion
v small amount of wobble !!

Question 5

neutral position of foot (on floor), is technically:

plantarflexion
dorisflexion

Answer 5

neutral position of foot (on floor), is technically:

plantarflexion
dorisflexion

Question 6

Answer 6

Question 7

talus is wider or thinner anteriorly?

which side is shorter - medial or lateral malleolus?

Answer 7

talus is wider anteriorly
- more stable in dorsiflexion than plantar flexion

which side is shorter: medial malleolus
-more stable ineversion that inversion

Question 8

which is more stable:

• plantar flexion
• dorsi flexion
• eversion
• inversion

Answer 8

which is more stable:

• plantar flexion
• *- dorsi flexion**
• eversion
• *- inversion**

Question 9

which ligament structure stabilises the medial side of ankle? [1]

what does ^ attach to? [3]

what movement does it prevent? [1]

Answer 9

which ligament structure stabilises the medial side of ankle? [1]
medial / deltoid ligament

what does ^ attach to? [3]
medial malleoulus of tibia
calcaneus
navicular

what movement does it prevent? [1]
prevents subluxion

Question 10

which 3 ligaments make the the lateral ligament? [3]

which are they clinically significant? [1]

Answer 10

which 3 ligaments make the the lateral ligament? [3]
anterior talofibular
posterior talofibular
calcaneofibular

which are they clinically significant? [1]
because theyre seperate structures - really likely to tear: lateral collateral ligament tear

Question 11

what type of injury is this to ankle?

inversion
eversion

which ligaments would be damaged here? [1]

Answer 11

what type of injury is this to ankle?

inversion
​eversion

which ligaments would be damaged here? [1]
lateral ligaments!!

Question 12

dorsiflexion and toe extension:

• innervated by which nerve?
• which muscles? [3]
• which compartment of leg? [1]

eversion:

• innervated by which nerve?
• which muscles? [2]
• which compartment of leg? [1]

Answer 12

dorsiflexion and toe extension:

• innervated by which nerve: deep branch of common peroneal nerve
• which muscles: **tibialis anterior, E. digitorum longus and E. hallicus longus
• anterior compartment**

eversion

• innervated by which nerve: superficial branch of common peroneal
• which muscles: fibularis longus and fibularis brevis
• lateral compartment

Question 13

Answer 13

Question 14

fyi

Question 15

plantarflexion:

which muscles do this ? - of superficial plexor and deep muscles

Answer 15

**plantarflexion:

superficial plexors:**

• gastrocnemius
• soleus
• plantaris
• *deep muscles: toe flexion**
• flexor digitorum longus
• flexor hallucis longus
• tibialis posterior - also does foot inversion

Question 16

which muscles of leg cause foot inversion? [2]

Answer 16

which muscles of leg cause foot inversion? [2]
tibialis posterior - deep posterior compatment
tibialis anterior - anterior comparment

Question 17

Answer 17

Question 18

Answer 18

tibial nerve

Question 19

Answer 19

toe flexion !

tibial nerve

Question 20

what are the flexor and extensor retinacula?

where found?

Answer 20

what are the flexor and extensor retinacula?
​tendon sheath that hold tendons in place as enter foot

where found?
see photo

Question 21

which structures pass under the flxor retincula? [2]

which structures pass under the extensor retincula? [2]

Answer 21

which structures pass under the flxor retincula? [2]
tibial nerve
posterior tibial artery

​which structures pass under the extensor retincula? [2]
deep peroneal nerve (fibular nerve)
anterior tibial artery

Question 22

what is arrow pointing to?

Answer 22

extensor reticulum

Question 23

Answer 23

Question 24

Answer 24

Question 25

which muscles cause inversion of foot? [2] which muscles cause eversion of foot? [2]

Answer 25

which muscles cause inversion of foot? [2] **tibialis anterior tibialis posterior** which muscles cause eversion of foot? [2] **peroneus longus peroneus brevis**

Question 26

which ligaments of foot get stretched out when foot planted, sot that when you take a step, release energy and help lift off? a) medial side [1] b) lateral side [2]

Answer 26

which ligaments of foot get stretched out when foot planted, sot that when you take a step, release energy and help lift off? a) medial side: **spring ligament** b) lateral side: **long and short plantar ligaments**

Question 27

what type of movement are the muscles in leg for? what type of movement are intrinsic muscles of the foot for?

Answer 27

what type of movement are the muscles in leg for? **propulsion & power grr** what type of movement are intrinsic muscles of the foot for? **precise movements - constantly contracting and relaxing to respond to dynamic changes 3-4 layers**

Question 28

explain the arches of the foot? [3]

Answer 28

**medial longitudinal arch:** - open footprin side: middle of foot isnt it - contact with ground: _big toe & calcaneous_ - resilient due to large no. of bones **lateral longitudinal arch:** - flatter - less bones - talus transmits body weight through it - weight not central though - either goes forward or backwards **transverse arch:** not a true arch - maintained by some mscles and ligaments as longuitnial arches - bony fit is particularly good

Question 29

where is weight distribution in foot?

Answer 29

found in medial & longitudinal arch - **not the transverse arch !!**

Question 30

what maintains the longitduinal arches? [2]

Answer 30

**dynamic support** - muscle contracts as when required - muscle tendons insert into apex of arches - when muscles contracts, pulls apex up & counteract body weight - includes intrinsic muscles **passive support** - constant & ongoing support - due to shape of bones: allows them to interlock

Question 31

Answer 31

Question 32

what are bunions (aka Hallux Valgus)?

Answer 32

movement of **great toe towards the 2nd toes inherited or acquired**