Vertebrae and Intervertebrae joints

Question 1

what are the curvatures of the spine? [2] medical names?
when do each develop? [2]
which vertebrae cause which of these curvatures? [2]

Answer 1

what are the curvatures of the spine? [2]
primary curvatures - posterior curvature = kyphosis
secondary curvatures - anterior curvature =lordosis

when do each develop? [2]
Primary curves are retained from the original fetal curvature, while secondary curvatures develop after birth.

which vertebrae cause which of these curvatures? [2]

• *thoracic: primary
  sacral: primary
  cervical: secondary
  sacral: secondary**

Question 2

Answer 2

Question 3

Answer 3

Question 4

what is excessive kyphosis caused by? [1] - which area especially? [1]

what is excessive lordosis caused by? [1] - which area especially? [1]

Answer 4

what is excessive kyphosis caused by? [1] - which area especially? [1]
erosion / fracture of anterior part of one or more vertebrae
thoracic areaparticularly effected:thoracic kyphosis
e.g. from OA

what is excessive lordosis caused by? [1] - which area especially? [1]
increased lumbar curvature
anterior rotation of pelvis causes this
can be caused by preg / obesity

Question 5

what is scoliosis? [1]
which patient group often occurs to? [1]
what is risk of severe scoliosis? [1]

Answer 5

what is scoliosis?
- abnormal lateral curvature

which patient group often occurs to? [1]
pubertal girls

what is risk of severe case? [1]
compression of lungs

Question 6

Answer 6

Question 7

Answer 7

Question 8

cervical vertebrae:

unique characteristics? [3]

Answer 8

cervical vertebrae:

unique characteristics? [3]

• **small vertebral body
• transverse foramina - vertebral artery
• bifid spinous process**

Question 9

which vertebrae doesnt have a spinous body?
what is name?

Answer 9

C1: no body = Atlas

Question 10

which vertebrae is this? how can you tell?
label A x

Answer 10

Axis: C2 - can tell bc of dens

Question 11

what are distinguishing features of thoracic vert? [3]

Answer 11

what are distinguishing features of thoracic vert? [3]
•Costal facets
•Long inferiorly oriented spinous processes
•Heart-shaped vertebral body

Question 12

what are distinguishing features of lumbar vert? [2]

Answer 12

• Short square spinous processes
• Large vertebral bodies

Question 13

sacral and coccygeal verebrae characterisitcs/

Answer 13

5 fused sacral vert

4 fused coccygeal

Question 14

what are the two different inter-vertebral joints? [2]

Answer 14

what are the two different inter-vertebral joints? [2]

1. inverterbral discs

Question 15

invertebreal discs:

articular surface made from?
invertebral disc made from?

attachment at anterior and posterior by?

Answer 15

• articular surfaces = hyaline cartilage
• intervertebral disc = fibrocartilage
• strong attachment between vert bodies
• designed for weight bearing and strengh
• 25% height of vert column
• posterior and anterior longitudinal ligaments surround !

Question 16

which is stronger out of anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments ?

Answer 16

anterior - bigger = stronger !

Question 17

Answer 17

Question 18

inverterbral disc structure:

what is annulus comprised of ? [1]

what is nucleus pulposus comprised of? [3]

Answer 18

inverterbral disc structure:

what is annulus comprised of ? [1]
15/20 type 1 collagenous laminae, run obliquely

what is nucleus pulposus comprised of? [3]
type II collagen
water
proteoglycans
around 85% water !!

Question 19

what is innervation & blood supply to IV disc like? [1]
how do IV discs get nutrition? [1]

Answer 19

what is innervation & blood supply to IV disc like? [1]
avascular and no innervation

how do IV discs get nutrition? [1]
diffusion across vert body

Question 21

how does ageing and IV disc occur to nucleus pulposus & annulus fibrosis?

Answer 21

degeneration starts in your twenties :(

• *nucleus pulpsosus dries out: can become compressed more easily !!**
• loose height
• disc not as resilient
• disc doees not absorb shocks well

annulus fibrosus cracks. also gets pushed out more by nucleus pulpsosus

Question 22

how does size of invert disc change throughout spine?

Answer 22

The thickness of the discs increases as the vertebral column descends.

• 3mm in cervical
• 5mm in thoracic
• 9-11mm in lumbar

Question 23

Answer 23

Question 24

where are you most likely to have a slipped disc? why are they most likely to occur? [2]

Answer 24

disc herniation
L4-L5; L5-S1
two IV discs are the biggest: more oxygen poor

Question 25

which part of IV disc comes out when herniated?

Answer 25

Nucleus pulposus

Question 26

how does pain occur when have herniated disc? [3]

Answer 26

_how does pain occur when have herniated disc? [2]_ IVD is **poorly innervated** so pain doesn’t come from the disc itself [1] **Compression of surrounding ligaments** causes localised pain [1] **Compression** of **nerve roots causes numbness,** tingling and pain across the **respective dermatome**

Question 27

Answer 27

A: T10 B: C5 C: V1

Question 28

which dermatomes are most commonly affected by herniated disc? [4] why? [1] which neve is likely to be affected by herniated disc? [1]

Answer 28

_which dermatomes are most commonly affected by herniated disc? [4] why? [1]_ **L4, L5, S1** (largest IV discs - most at risk from herniaton) _which neve is likely to be affected by herniated disc? [1]_ sciatic nerve - tingly / numbness in **back of legs and buttocks**

Question 29

whatt type of joint are facet joints? [1] why are these joints of clinical significane? [2]

Answer 29

_whatt type of joint are facet joints? [1]​_ **synovial, plane joints** _why are these joints of clinical significane? [1]_ they are next to emergence of spinal nerve from VC [1] when joints are diseased = **spinal nerves become compressed**

Question 30

purple structure? role? [3]

Answer 30

**ligamentum flavum !** * Extends from lamina above to lamina below of adjacent vertebra * Resists separation of the lamina * Stops abrupt flexion * High elastic content so assists with straightening after flexion

Question 31

what is name of this? [1] what does it join ? [1]

Answer 31

Interspinous ligament **•Joins adjacent spinous processes** Weak more like a thin membrane

Question 32

Answer 32

Question 33

what type of joint is atalato-occipital joint? hinge plane condyloid saddle pivot

Answer 33

what type of joint is atalato-occipital joint? hinge plane **condyloid** saddle pivot

Question 34

what type of joint is C1-C2 joint? hinge plane condyloid saddle pivot which ligament supports this joint? [1]

Answer 34

what type of joint is C1-C2 joint? hinge plane condyloid saddle **pivot** which ligament supports this joint? [1] **transverse ligament**

Question 35

what are the movements going on here? which IV cause each one/

Answer 35

Question 36

what are the deep muscles of the back called? [1] innervation? [1]

Answer 36

what are the deep muscles of the back called? [1] **paraspinals** innervation? [1] **dorsal rami of spinal nerves**

Question 38

which muscles cause: - spinal flexion [2] - spinal extension [2] - spinal lateral flexion [5] - spinal rotation [4]

Answer 38

Question 39

what happens to paraspinal if disc slips?

Answer 39

If disc herniates then the **paraspinals contract on that side to try and** hold things together but that causes that **side to shorten and pinch the nerve root.**